<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273</id><updated>2012-01-29T18:24:01.552Z</updated><category term='temas algo peculiares'/><category term='sistemas eleitorais'/><category term='tex'/><category term='Textos de Carlos Novais'/><category term='Revolução Húngara de 1956'/><category term='rankings e análise'/><category term='anarquia internacional'/><category term='Secessão'/><category term='Wars4StatusQuo'/><category term='anarquismo: socialismo vs. capitalismo'/><category term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><category term='teoria dos ciclos na economia'/><category term='experiencias'/><category term='anarquismo'/><title type='text'>Vento Sueste</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3315</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-368761741091922601</id><published>2012-01-29T00:08:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-29T00:08:02.375Z</updated><title type='text'>Sugestão de exercicio para os fins-de-semana</title><content type='html'>Contar quantas palavras (ou linhas, ou orações, etc.) tem a primeira frase do obituário que o José Cutileiro escreve todas as semanas no Expresso (a desta semana, dedicado a Thérèse Delpéche, parece-me ter 241 palavras).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-368761741091922601?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/368761741091922601/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=368761741091922601&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/368761741091922601'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/368761741091922601'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/sugestao-de-exercicio-para-os-fins-de.html' title='Sugestão de exercicio para os fins-de-semana'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-4370645100404569418</id><published>2012-01-27T19:57:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T19:57:36.537Z</updated><title type='text'>"Mileuristas"?</title><content type='html'>Hoje, vi no supermercado um livro chamado "&lt;a href="http://www.clubedoslivros.org/2011/08/eu-mileurista-me-confesso-de-filipa.html"&gt;Eu Mileurista, Me Confesso&lt;/a&gt;", sobre a geração que ganha mil euros por mês, que tem que contar os tostões, tem que viver em casa dos pais, etc., etc. (era mais ou menos isso que falava na contracapa)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O trabalhador português típico ganha (antes de impostos) entre 700 e 800 euros por mês, o que torna um livro sobre os problemas de que vive com mil euros por mês algo um bocado deslocado (na verdade, mil euros é o valor em que, na minha classificação mental das classes socais, começa a classe média-alta).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Personal disclosure: depois de impostos, ganho para aí 1.100 euros por mês, sendo uma das 3 pessoas mais bem pagas das 12 (13 comigo) com quem trabalho directamente.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-4370645100404569418?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/4370645100404569418/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=4370645100404569418&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4370645100404569418'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4370645100404569418'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/mileuristas.html' title='&quot;Mileuristas&quot;?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6078751276324337234</id><published>2012-01-27T09:06:00.012Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T09:14:43.820Z</updated><title type='text'>A verdade sobre o processo de Galileu Galilei [RAI - Legendado]</title><content type='html'>&lt;object id="mediaplayer3551393714" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="450" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.gloria.tv/media/178114/embed/true/controls/false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.gloria.tv/media/178114/embed/true/controls/false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="450" height="350" flashvars="media=178114&amp;amp;embed=true&amp;amp;controls=false" quality="high" scale="noborder" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" /&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6078751276324337234?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6078751276324337234/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6078751276324337234&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6078751276324337234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6078751276324337234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/verdade-sobre-o-processo-de-galileu.html' title='A verdade sobre o processo de Galileu Galilei [RAI - Legendado]'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1214973202258518742</id><published>2012-01-26T15:18:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T15:18:08.153Z</updated><title type='text'>Eleições presidenciais nos EUA - análise e previsões</title><content type='html'>Acerca das eleições primárias:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se Gingrinch (contra as sondagens) ganhar na Florida, penso que as primárias estão arrumadas - se Romney não ganha na Florida, vai ganhar aonde? Se Romney ganhar a Florida, ficará em vantagem, mas nada estará decidido - a seguir vêm os caucuses do Nevada, onde &lt;a href="http://www.forbes.com/profile/sheldon-adelson/"&gt;Gingrich têm o apoio de um dos principais empresários dos casinos&lt;/a&gt;, e onde &lt;a href="http://www.lvrj.com/news/obama-the-one-to-beat-in-nevada-poll-shows-136055218.html"&gt;a última sondagem&lt;/a&gt; (já velha)&amp;nbsp;dava Romney à frente de Gingrich por 4 pontos, mas ainda com Perry (que agora apoia Gingrinch), Hutsman (que apoia Romney) e Bachman incluídos (pelo que acho que ambos os lados têm a mesma hipótese de ganhar); se nos caucuses seguintes Romney é capaz de ter vantagem, a próxima ronda de primárias (a "Super-terça-feira") tem muitos estados sulistas em principio favoráveis a Gingrich. Portanto, acho que se Gingrich perder a Florida por poucos, aguentar-se nos caucuses e tiver um vitória retumbante na Super-terça.feira, é capaz de ganhar, até porque penso que muitos dos estados favoráveis a Romney só irão ter as suas primárias&amp;nbsp;no fim&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(de qualquer maneira, também vai influenciar o momento em que Satorum desistir).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resumindo, se Gingrich ganhar a Florida, quase de certeza que ganha a nomeação; se Romney ganhar a Florida, é mais provável que seja o nomeado, mas Gingrich continua com hipóteses; no total, é mais provável que seja gingrich o candidato&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É verdade que isto é um bocado paradoxal: eu acho mais provável que Romney ganhe a Florida; eu acho que se Romney ganhar a Florida, é mais provável ser ele o nomeado; mas, no global, acho mais provável ser Gingrich o nomeado (ou seja, eu acho o acontecimento &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"Romney ganha a Florida"&lt;/span&gt; mais provável que &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"Gingrich ganha a Florida"&lt;/span&gt; e o acontecimento &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"Romney ganha a Florida e nomeação"&lt;/span&gt; mais provável que "Romney ganha a Florida&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;Gingrich a nomeação" mas a conjugação &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;{"Gingrich ganha a Florida e a nomeação" ou "Romney ganha a Florida&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;Gingrich a nomeação"}&lt;/span&gt; mais provável que &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;{"Romney ganha a Florida e nomeação" ou "Gingrich ganha a Florida e&amp;nbsp;Romney a&amp;nbsp;nomeação"}&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;[Esta minha teoria - de que se Gingrich ganhar a Florida a eleição está decidida e se for&amp;nbsp;Romney está tudo em aberto -&amp;nbsp;é um pouco ao contrário do que suspeito ser a opinião dominante, que se for &lt;a href="http://eraumaveznaamerica.blogs.sapo.pt/219272.html"&gt;Gingrich a ganhar a Florida é que ficará tudo indefinido&lt;/a&gt;; claro que se pode sempre questionar que capacidade tem um radical de esquerda que nunca foi mais a oeste que a Madeira para fazer previsões sobre as eleições internas de um partido de direita nos EUA]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De qualquer maneira, creio que Gingrich é o candidato que melhor representa o "fusionismo" - o equilibrio/sintese entre "libertários" (i.e., liberais"), conservadores sociais e "falcões" em politica externa que caracteriza o Partido Republicano e o conservadorismo norte-americano: Santorum está demasiado conotado com os conservadores sociais, Paul ainda mais conotado está com os libertários (e em politica externa/defesa está a uns 140º de distancia dos republicanos tradicionais), e Romney está demasiado longe de qualquer das sensibilidades - Gingrinch acaba por ser o candidato que melhor representa o "fusionismo".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acerca das eleições propriamente ditas: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por enquanto, as sondagens dão Obama a ganhar contra Gingrich e a perfer contra Romney, mas creio que depende da economia - se a crise se agravar nos EUA, Obama perde; se a economia dos EUA e do mundo (nomeadamente da Europa) melhorar significativamente, creio que Obama ganha; se a economia dos EUA melhor e a da Europa piorar, é um pau de dois bicos - por um lado, deveria beneficiar o presidente em funções, mas por outro levará a uma desconfiança perante ideias "europeias", o que até poderá beneficiar os republicanos, que poderão dizer "estão a ver o que a medicina socializada e as cinco semanas de férias fazem?".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quanto ao "melhor" adversário para Obama, como disse, as sondagens dão a entender que é contra Gingrinch que ele terá mais hipoteses; mas, por outro lado, se Obama se decidir a fazer uma campanha "populista de esquerda" contra os "1%", não sei se Romney não será um candidato mais frágil perante uma campanha dessas (Bain Capital, 13,8% de impostos, etc,).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por outro lado, a candidatura de Gingrinch poderá ter um bónus estratégico para os Democratas - a vitória de Gingrinch nas primárias significa que daqui a umas semanas/meses Romney desistirá, e que portanto as últimas primárias serão um duelo entre Paul e Gingrinch; e um confronto Paul/Gingrinch provavelmente contribuirá para&amp;nbsp;fazer estalar&amp;nbsp;as contradições internas da ideologia chamada "conservadorismo americano", já que teremos o conflito entre "conservadores" e "libertários" à flor da pele (ao contrário de um confronto Paul/Romney, que será apenas um conflito entre "republicanos liberais" e "libertários", sem por em questão os fundamentos da síntese fusionista).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2008/01/eleies-nos-eua-previso.html"&gt;Um exemplo&lt;/a&gt; das minhas capacidade de previsão e análise aplicadas à política dos EUA]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1214973202258518742?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1214973202258518742/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1214973202258518742&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1214973202258518742'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1214973202258518742'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/eleicoes-presidenciais-nos-eua-analise.html' title='Eleições presidenciais nos EUA - análise e previsões'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8482423758585765199</id><published>2012-01-24T18:05:00.004Z</published><updated>2012-01-24T18:20:01.459Z</updated><title type='text'>Re: A crítica de Rui Albuquerque ao anarquismo</title><content type='html'>Para referenciar o assunto, o Miguem Madeira escreveu dois posts tendo começado assim:  "&lt;a href="http://blasfemias.net/" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 34); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; "&gt;Rui Albuquerque&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 68); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;, no &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ordemlivre.org/" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 34); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; "&gt;Ordem Livre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 68); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;, publicou (ou está publicando, foi só a primeira parte) mais um artigo sobre a relação entre o liberalismo clássico e o anarco-capitalismo - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ordemlivre.org/2011/10/so-se-ilude-quem-tem-ilusoes-parte-1/" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 34); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; "&gt;Só se ilude quem têm ilusões&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 68); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; "&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Eu passado algum tempo coloquei a minha resposta no Ordem Livre e só agora me lembrei de aqui colocar:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Há muito a dizer e sobre muitas perspectivas. Uma delas é, a bem de não termos as tais ilusões, relativizar a esperança nesse “Estado de Direito” e o “Constitucionalismo”. É que fica-se com a impressão de que antes de tal coisa existir com o Estado Moderno não existia Direito e era a penumbra civilizacional. Ora há argumentos que se podem evocar para defender que o direito de propriedade e contratual (os direitos naturais por excelência) eram muito mais sagrados do que nestes Estados de Direito pondo em causa a afirmação:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“há pouco mais de duzentos anos a vida, a liberdade, a opinião e a propriedade privada eram permanentemente questionadas e postas em causa por poderes políticos discricionários e sem quaisquer limitações ou regras de exercício”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;O absolutismo procurou destruir liberdades antigas, isso pode referir-se. Mas o absolutismo foi o primeiro passo na consolidação do estado moderno que reclama legitimidade absoluta e uniforme sobre o direito, a sua interpretação, a sua formação e a sua aplicação coerciva.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;O direito natural precede a noção de estado, e seguramente precede um meio de decisão colectivo como a democracia. É o estado e a democracia que têm de se compatibilizar com o direito. Tudo o que um jusnaturalista deseja é que o direito na sua noção civil (natural?) regule a ordem social e não que seja a ordem política (em sentido restrito do funcionamento do aparelho político) – por natureza, estranho ao direito civil – a regular o direito.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Assim sendo, não pára numa barreira mental em nenhum ponto. Se lhe perguntam sobre o litígio, responderá que os tribunais arbitrais podem tomar conta do assunto e existem exemplos abundantes da formação espontânea de novos direitos (o direito mercantil). Se lhe perguntam sobre a segurança pública, responderá com a realidade da N agências de segurança privadas sem as quais nos dias de hoje, se fossem proibidas, a ordem pública, seria gravemente afectada.E assim por diante.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A pergunta que se faz é? existem liberais que não querem que o direito civil regule ao máximo a ordem social, ou é por acharem impossível?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Seja como for, tenho de insistir que essa visão da inevitabilidade e maior eficácia de uma autoridade única (com o monopólio territorial da violência) é posta em causa pela realidade da anarquia internacional (N direitos, N agências de violência, relações contratuais entre N ordens jurídicas).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A realidade de soberanias cruzadas (feudal, da cidade, canónico, mercantil,) e direitos que fez parte da história europeia e que incluiu a soberania autónoma da Igreja fecundou o civilização moderna, dizer que o fim da história é um enorme monopólio territorial, um direito civil, e um código penal, é deslocado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Esta afirmação:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Uma segunda, de natureza histórica, que é a inexistência de qualquer precedente societário onde não se tenha manifestado um poder político potencialmente aspirante ao monopólio, isto é, à soberania, o mesmo é dizer, um poder que aspira à exclusão de todos os outros.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;…pode ser posta em causa desta forma: claro que toda a forma de poder persegue o absolutismo – os homens não são anjos, e no poder procuram sempre estender esse poder em vez de tentar o método cooperativo e contratual – e os crimes em massa para o conseguir é o que forma grande parte da história.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ou seja, o Rui A. dá o exemplo da história, o mesmo exemplo que prova que um poder formado fora da esfera do direito civil procura por todos os meios violentos (com crimes civis e penais em massa) tornar-se único. Isso é argumento?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rothbard e Hoppe referem que a história,ao contrário do marxismo, não é a da luta de classes, mas a da oposição entre o poder e as relações de cooperação civis. Ambas caminham pela historia, com avanços e recuos, por vezes o poder consegue ser mais benigno outras vezes a coisa mais destrutiva da civilização através precisamente da violência para defender o seu monopólio territorial da violência – as guerras (por definição, a mais completa ausência de direito civil e penal, ou seja, anomia selvagem que obteve a sua sua expressão máxima no advento do estado moderno no século 20).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aos nossos olhos estamos a presenciar o estado moderno a soçobrar, não que caia tão cedo (se bem, que não estou seguro disso, já começam a ser habituais mudanças repentinas). Está já economicamente e funcionalmente desadequado. É uma estrutura pesada e lenta, já o era, mas hoje, com o poder da comunicação e capacidade dos indivíduos formarem comunidades e relações, de inclusão e exclusão, da já visível decaída de identificação das pessoas com o nacionalismo estatal (o que não quer dizer que não queriam reter os seus valores e diferenciações étnico-culturais que formam as nações)…está a ser posto em causa pelo seu calcanhar de Aquiles – a (i)racionalidade económica, o facto de depender do monopólio da moeda, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E era preciso provar que estado moderno não tem de inevitavelmente de ser progressista-social-democrata procurando crescentemente impor direitos positivos e destruindo todo e qualquer conservadorismo social (que para um liberal, deve poder conviver pelo exercício de direitos de ostracismo / inclusão). Mas é difícil, a partir do momento que se cria a ideia de um “texto sagrado” que legitima a sua acção, por muitas boas intenções que estejam na sua génese, esse “texto sagrado” passa a conceder um poder (“The Ring”) nas mãos da vontade geral.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E não há maior exemplo do que a Constituição Americana, essa grande experiência. Podemos passar pela “guerra para impedir a legítima secessão” e acabar no domínio interpretativo; o Estado Federal assenta boa parte da sua acção na &lt;i&gt;Commerce Clause (The Congress shall have Power To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;)&lt;/i&gt; que pretendia impedir os Estados de restringir o comércio entre si. Um exemplo conhecido e anedótico é o argumento usado pela administração de Roosevelt para regular (determinar, etc) a quantidade de auto-produção para consumo de batatas: na medida em que produz para auto-consumo afecta o comércio entre Estados e por isso cai no âmbito da Commerce Clause para regulação pelo Estado Federal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;«O que o homem escolhe está determinado pelas ideias que adopta»&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;E onde está escrito no universo a inevitabilidade de relações não civis (onde vive a ordem política)? Só as ideias o considerarem inevitáveis como já consideraram a escravatura, as castas, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“Rothbard, por exemplo, ainda que consiga demonstrar logicamente a superioridade moral do anarquismo sobre o estatismo, é incapaz de nos explicar como conseguiremos eventualmente sair da soberania para um outro mundo onde o direito de propriedade fosse absoluto e a liberdade individual determinasse toda a complexidade das relações sociais e políticas.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Porquê incapaz? a classificação da realidade como anárquica,para já,é uma afirmação objectiva. Não existem poderes absolutos no absoluto termo do termo. Não falo só do estado de anarquia internacional, falo da realidade social. Não existem comandos absolutos a não ser os de Deus, as pessoas escolhem e agem, podem obedecer a comandos do seu Estado por concordância ou por medo, como podem simplesmente deixar de lhe ligar (o grande exemplo da queda do muro).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Existe um poder que pode evocar ser como Deus e esmagar a tentativa do indivíduo/comunidade se afastar dele e formar o seu próprio? A razão do Estado, mesmo que fundada na suposta legitimidade constitucional, pode e pergunto – deve – esmagar quem se quer afastar dele?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;É evidente que o anarquismo persegue uma noção universal de direito e que só pode realizar-se pelo direito natural descoberto pela filosofia (melhor palavra que a “razão”). Mais uma vez, corresponde à noção universalista que formava a Europa pulverizada da Idade Média (se a virmos no seu melhor), onde os nacionalismos não existiam na noção moderna, o latim era língua comum das elites, e o direito de propriedade era levado a sério (e sendo a relação feudal uma de protecção mútua contratual).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A história repete-se, e nessa diversidade e relações sociais complexas que se fala, o estado moderno na sua configuração grande-estado-constitucional deverá ser posto em causa. O direito natural assegura uma forma de governo e uma ética, uma estabilidade e previsibilidade do direito. O direito legislativo inerente a um monopólio do direito assegura imprevisibilidade e instabilidade. É por isso altamente ineficiente e põe em causa a própria noção de direito.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Existe aqui também uma questão de grau: podemos por hipótese chamar a uma cidade-estado governada por parâmetros similares a relações de condomínios (que regula taxas, partes comuns e partes individuais, etc) um Estado ou um “poder anárquico” (dado ser instituído por relações contratuais civis)? Faz sentido chamar-lhe anárquico?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8482423758585765199?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8482423758585765199/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8482423758585765199&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8482423758585765199'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8482423758585765199'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/re-critica-de-rui-albuquerque-ao.html' title='Re: A crítica de Rui Albuquerque ao anarquismo'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1294287215406985282</id><published>2012-01-24T00:32:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-28T00:50:20.498Z</updated><title type='text'>Kika (2000-2012)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LW4BYdh7DtA/Tx3q1xWBUUI/AAAAAAAAA7Y/B8LNUVZ9oyw/s1600/Imagem0022.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LW4BYdh7DtA/Tx3q1xWBUUI/AAAAAAAAA7Y/B8LNUVZ9oyw/s400/Imagem0022.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Num dia do Verão de 1983, tinha eu 9 anos quase a fazer 10, ouvi a minha mãe entrar em casa e logo a seguir a minha irmã a dizer, entusiasmada, "Que linda! Que linda!"; pensado "o que será que a minha mãe trouxe?", fui ver o que se tratava - era uma gata siamesa com cerca de um mês, que - inspirados por &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNEraxj559Y"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; - baptizamos "Duquesa" (creio que o nome original dela era "Bellkiss", ou coisa assim).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desde então, pode-se dizer que a vida da minha família esteve ligada à dessa família de gatos, que se foi sucedendo por gerações (note-se que &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2009/08/cacando-um-rato.html"&gt;o Pantufa&lt;/a&gt; não pertence a esta linhagem - foi encontrado recém-nascido com os irmãos, aparentemente abandonados). Durante 12 anos viveram (e vivemos) numa casa com terraço, &lt;a href="http://maps.google.pt/maps?hl=pt-PT&amp;amp;ll=37.130761,-8.53569&amp;amp;spn=0.000512,0.000857&amp;amp;hnear=0xd1b25cdd8d0f829:0x400ebbde4903440,Portim%3Fo&amp;amp;gl=pt&amp;amp;t=h&amp;amp;z=20&amp;amp;vpsrc=6"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;, tendo os telhados e jardins do bairro à sua conta; depois, passaram a ser "gatos de apartamento" (o que, aliás, parece ter afectado os seus padrões reprodutivos - se antes as ninhadas de gatinhos nasciam por regra na Primavera, por altura do terceiro período das aulas, a partir do momento em que os gatos passaram a viver fechados, os nascimentos passaram a ocorrer a qualquer altura do ano).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Até ontem, quando a Kika, bisneta da Duquesa, morreu de uma espécie de cancro (há um ano atrás, depois de o veterinário lhe ter extraído uns tumores, ela corria e saltava cheia de energia e eu até pensei "esta ainda vai viver uma carrada de anos; foram 200 euros bem gastos", mas enganei-me...).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eu já tinha tido gatos antes destes (para aí entre os 5 e os 7 anos tive uma gata preta&amp;nbsp; - a "Bolinhas" - que também teve filhos e netos, mas morreram cedo; para não falar dos dois gatos que os meus pais tinham em Moçambique quando eu nasci - eles dizem que a minha primeira palavra foi "gato", mas na carrada de "gu-gu-ga-ga" que os bebés dizem, é muito fácil a pais imaginarem que o filho está a dizer "gato") e continuo a ter um gato (o referido Pantufa, que neste momento saltou para o meu colo atrapalhando a redacção do post - estará com ciúmes?), mas pode-se dizer que a "família" atrás referida foram "os gatos mais importantes da minha vida" (afinal, foram quase 30 anos de "convívio", mais próximo ou mais distante conforme as alturas).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1294287215406985282?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1294287215406985282/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1294287215406985282&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1294287215406985282'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1294287215406985282'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/kika-2000-2012.html' title='Kika (2000-2012)'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LW4BYdh7DtA/Tx3q1xWBUUI/AAAAAAAAA7Y/B8LNUVZ9oyw/s72-c/Imagem0022.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-163283837830355482</id><published>2012-01-23T09:50:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-23T09:50:35.376Z</updated><title type='text'>As divisões em Israel</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/01/20/the-blockbusters/"&gt;The Blockbusters&lt;/a&gt;, por Uri Avnery, na &lt;a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/"&gt;Counterpunch&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Israel is now a kind of federation of several major demographic-cultural blocs which dominate our social and political life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who are they? There are (1) the old Ashkenazim (Jews of European origin); (2) the Oriental (or “Sephardi”) Jews; (3) the religious (partly Ashkenazi, partly Oriental); (4) the “Russians”, immigrants from all the countries of the former Soviet union; and (5) the Palestinian-Arab citizens, who did not come from anywhere.&lt;br /&gt;This is, of course, a schematic presentation. None of the blocs is completely homogeneous. Each bloc has several sub blocs, some blocs overlap, there is some intermarriage, but on the whole, the picture is accurate. Gender plays no role in this division.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The political scene almost exactly mirrors these divisions. The Labor party was, in its heyday, the main instrument of Ashkenazi power. Its remnants, together with Kadima and Meretz, are still Ashkenazi. Avigdor Lieberman’s Israel Beytenu consists mainly of Russians. There are three or four religious parties. Then there are two exclusively Arab parties, and the Communist party, which is mainly Arab, too. The Likud represents the bulk of the Orientals, though almost all its leaders are Ashkenazim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The relationship between the blocs is often strained. Just now, the whole country is in an uproar because in Kiryat Malakhi, a southern town with mainly Oriental inhabitants, house owners have signed a commitment not to sell apartments to Ethiopians, while the Rabbi of Safed, a northern town of mainly Orthodox Jews, has forbidden his flock to rent apartments to Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But apart from the rift between the Jews and the Arabs, the main problem is the resentment of the Orientals, the Russians and the religious against what they call “the Ashkenazi elite”. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It may be said, quite rightly, that I generalize. I do, just to simplify matters. There are indeed a lot of Orientals, especially of the younger generation, who are repelled by the ultra-nationalism of the Likud, the more so as the neo-liberalism of Binyamin Netanyahu (which Shimon Peres once called “swinish capitalism”) is in direct contradiction to the basic interests of their community. There are also a lot of decent, liberal, peace-loving religious people. (Yeshayahu Leibovitz comes to mind.) Some Russians are gradually leaving their self-imposed ghetto. But these are small minorities in their communities.&amp;nbsp; The bulk of the three blocs – Oriental, Russian and religious – are united in their opposition to peace, and at best indifferent to democracy.&lt;br /&gt;All these together constitute the right-wing, anti-peace coalition that is governing Israel now. The problem is not just a question of politics. It is much more profound – and much more daunting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SOME PEOPLE blame us, the democratic peace movement, for not recognizing the problem early enough, and not doing enough to attract the members of the various blocs to the ideals of peace and democracy. Also, it is said, we did not show that social justice is inseparably connected with democracy and peace.&lt;br /&gt;I must accept my share of the blame for this failure, though I might point out that I tried to make the connection right from the beginning.(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;I put my trust in the new generation. Last summer’s huge social protest movement, which erupted quite suddenly and swept [“along”?] hundreds of thousands, showed that yes, it can happen here. The movement united Ashkenazim and Orientals. Tent cities sprang up in Tel Aviv and Beer Sheva, all over the place.&lt;br /&gt;Our first job is to break the barriers between the blocs, change reality, create a new Israeli society. We need blockbusters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes, it is a daunting job. But I believe it can be done.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-163283837830355482?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/163283837830355482/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=163283837830355482&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/163283837830355482'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/163283837830355482'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/as-divisoes-em-israel.html' title='As divisões em Israel'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8107879174376010653</id><published>2012-01-22T01:52:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-22T01:52:29.148Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>Ainda a propriedade intelectual</title><content type='html'>Será que a razão porque, por vezes, as leis de defesa da propriedade intelectual têm apoio quase unânime no parlamento é porque, juntando os entusiastas do substantivo com os entusiastas do adjectivo, isso cobre as correntes políticas quase todas?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8107879174376010653?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8107879174376010653/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8107879174376010653&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8107879174376010653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8107879174376010653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/ainda-propriedade-intelectual.html' title='Ainda a propriedade intelectual'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-9180606275191943203</id><published>2012-01-22T01:29:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-22T01:29:50.533Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>A propriedade intelectual, a SOPA/PIPA e a PL118</title><content type='html'>Quando escrevi &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html"&gt;este post&lt;/a&gt;, hesitei um pouco em pôr a etiqueta "&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/search/label/Propriedade%20Intelectual%3F"&gt;Propriedade Intelectual?&lt;/a&gt;"; afinal, o protesto não era contra a propriedade intelectual, mas apenas contra alguns meios que estavam propostos para a defender.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aliás, da mesma forma a ligação do Projecto de Lei 118 com a propriedade intelectual também é um bocado remota - afinal, nunca vi nenhum defensor da propriedade física defender algo do género "lançar um imposto sobre ferramentas que possam ser usadas em assaltos e consignar as receitas desse imposto a subsídios a uma mutualidade que forneça seguros contra furtos" (que é o mais parecido que eu consigo imaginar no mundo físico com algo parecido à PL 118). Por outras palavras, em teoria alguém até pode ser um defensor entusiasta da propriedade intelectual e contra coisas como a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act"&gt;SOPA&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act"&gt;PIPA&lt;/a&gt; ou a PL 118.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas a questão é que (sobretudo no mundo actual) a propriedade intelectual é tão díficil de fazer respeitar que se calhar qualquer tentativa de a defender a sério implica ir mais longe do que simplesmente fazer cumprir a propriedade intelectual - não basta simplesmente processar (civil ou criminalmente) as pessoas que façam partilhas de ficheiros ou cópias de filmes (dificilmente as apanham), sendo necessário fazer mais do que isso: lançar impostos especiais sobre pens, alargar a responsabilidade pelas violações da PI a entidades não directamente envolvidas (como na SOPA/PIPA, que talvez tornasse a Google Inc., - na sua condição de dona do Blogger - responsável caso eu tivesse violados os direitos de autor de alguém num post como &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2006/03/os-gatos-devem-poder-andar-na-rua.html"&gt;este&lt;/a&gt;), dar aos fornecedores de Internet autoridade para quebrarem unilateralmente contratos com os seus clientes mesmo sem qualquer sentença judicial, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isso levanta um ponto mais amplo - as leis não são cumpridas só por existirem, tem que haver um qualquer mecanismo de repressão (desde os mais suaves aos mais repressivos) para elas serem cumpridas; e pode haver situações em que, independentemente das razões que haja, em abstracto, para dado acto ser ilegal, a implementação prática dessa ilegalização possa implicar meios tão intrusivos que faça com que seja melhor esquecer o assunto. E talvez a propriedade intelectual seja desses casos em que a legislação, para ser efectiva, tenha que ser intrusiva e sujeita a muitos "danos colaterais" (isto é, afectando pessoas que não estão a violar a propriedade intelectual de ninguém, como o escritor que compra uma pen para guardar as suas obrar por publicar).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Regra geral - a repressão de crimes que não tenham uma vitima presente no momento e lugar do crime tenderá a implicar meios intrusivos e com grandes danos colaterais; sobre este assunto ver o meu post de há 5 anos e tal, "&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2006/05/ainda-rusga-ao-bairro-da-torre.html"&gt;Ainda a rusga ao Bairro da Torre&lt;/a&gt;"]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-9180606275191943203?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/9180606275191943203/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=9180606275191943203&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/9180606275191943203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/9180606275191943203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/propriedade-intelectual-sopapipa-e.html' title='A propriedade intelectual, a SOPA/PIPA e a PL118'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-201844310514655887</id><published>2012-01-21T02:06:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-21T02:06:39.839Z</updated><title type='text'>Quem são os "1%"?</title><content type='html'>Um estudo do New York Times sobre as famílias que ficam no percentil mais alto do rendimento nos EUA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/newsgraphics/2012/0115-one-percent-occupations/index.html"&gt;As suas profissões&lt;/a&gt; - as mais comuns são "gestor", "advogado", "médico" e "professor", embora os professores (suspeito que largamente professoras, embora a língua inglesa não permita concluir isso) normalmente pertençam ao grupo devido aos rendimentos dos conjugues; o estudo não parece claro sobre como classifica quem vive dos rendimentos (ou sequer se rendimentos do capital estão a ser contados)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/what-the-top-1-of-earners-majored-in/"&gt;Formações académicas&lt;/a&gt; - as mais comuns são Biologia, Economia, Ciências Políticas e Contabilidade; se formos ver as áreas académicas em que, em termos relativos,têm uma maior percentagem de gente nos "1%ers", serão Saúde, Economia e Ciências Bioquímicas&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-201844310514655887?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/201844310514655887/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=201844310514655887&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/201844310514655887'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/201844310514655887'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/quem-sao-os-1.html' title='Quem são os &quot;1%&quot;?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5390135179767677848</id><published>2012-01-20T14:55:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T23:02:49.840Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>Quanto é que o Jacinto Bettancourt recebe para escrever posts?</title><content type='html'>"&lt;a href="http://31daarmada.blogs.sapo.pt/5444263.html"&gt;É óbvio que não existe criatividade e inovação se o resultado do esforço criativo ou inventor não for remunerado.&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Se ele tivesse escrito algo como "grande parte da criatividade e inovação não existiriam se o resultado do esforço criativo ou inventor não fosse remunerado" era uma coisa; mas a tese bettancourtiana é mesmo que, sem remuneração, "não existe criatividade e inovação", ponto final]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5390135179767677848?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5390135179767677848/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5390135179767677848&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5390135179767677848'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5390135179767677848'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/quanto-e-que-o-jacinto-bettancourt.html' title='Quanto é que o Jacinto Bettancourt recebe para escrever posts?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-856421524967683462</id><published>2012-01-20T00:50:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T00:50:31.277Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>Hoje, às 01:35</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.justice.gov" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="160" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gX9a9UgOujk/Txi4eI8FnPI/AAAAAAAAA68/ledul1My6PU/s320/doj.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mpaa.org/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="162" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o7z0RC3_IGY/Txi6GGF0oxI/AAAAAAAAA7Q/z5S6Q1rsI3g/s320/mpaa.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-856421524967683462?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/856421524967683462/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=856421524967683462&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/856421524967683462'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/856421524967683462'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/hoje-as-0135.html' title='Hoje, às 01:35'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gX9a9UgOujk/Txi4eI8FnPI/AAAAAAAAA68/ledul1My6PU/s72-c/doj.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6086004961911511641</id><published>2012-01-19T13:28:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-19T13:28:19.514Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>PL118</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="459" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/s5YxbmWkBik?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6086004961911511641?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6086004961911511641/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6086004961911511641&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6086004961911511641'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6086004961911511641'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/pl118.html' title='PL118'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/s5YxbmWkBik/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6774066973883838614</id><published>2012-01-18T13:41:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-18T13:41:41.551Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOPA_initiative/Learn_more"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="310" nfa="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cv40w0LKvi0/TxbLqnuhCJI/AAAAAAAAA60/mVPvoHDtJXc/s640/sopa.JPG" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6774066973883838614?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6774066973883838614/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6774066973883838614&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6774066973883838614'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6774066973883838614'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cv40w0LKvi0/TxbLqnuhCJI/AAAAAAAAA60/mVPvoHDtJXc/s72-c/sopa.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8424068707532415655</id><published>2012-01-18T10:01:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-18T10:01:42.351Z</updated><title type='text'>Qual é a real representatividade do Governo que se senta neste Conselho?</title><content type='html'>Helena Matos pergunta "&lt;a href="http://blasfemias.net/2012/01/18/era-uma-vez-a-sociedade-civil/"&gt;qual a real representatividade das organizações patronais e sinidicais que se sentam&lt;/a&gt;" na Comissão Permanente de Concertação Social.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Podíamos ir um pouco mais longe e perguntar qual a representatividade dos membros do Governo que se sentam no conselho - afinal, se provavelmente a maior parte dos trabalhadores não são sindicalizados e dos empresários não são "associados", também a maior parte do povo português não escolheu este Governo&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href="http://eleicoes.cne.pt/raster/index.cfm?dia=05&amp;amp;mes=06&amp;amp;ano=2011&amp;amp;eleicao=ar"&gt;entre abstencionistas e votantes de outros partidos, apenas 27% do eleitorado escolheu este governo&lt;/a&gt;). Antes que alguém diga "quem se abstém aceita implicitamente o resultado das eleições", também se podia dizer "quem não se sindicaliza&amp;nbsp;nem cria um sindicato alternativo aceita implicitamente o que os sindicatos estabelecidos acordarem"; em abono dos sindicatos e associações patronais, diga-se que quem não gostar da sua linha de actuação pode sempre criar um sindicato/associação patronal alternativo e tentar "roubar" filiados aos já existentes - quem não goste da política do governo não tem essa hipótese.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8424068707532415655?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8424068707532415655/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8424068707532415655&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8424068707532415655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8424068707532415655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/qual-e-real-representatividade-do.html' title='Qual é a real representatividade do Governo que se senta neste Conselho?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1410103508055853608</id><published>2012-01-17T14:22:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-17T14:22:11.833Z</updated><title type='text'>Notícias da China</title><content type='html'>Sinais contraditórios:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Em Wukan, o aparente lider &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/12/background-do-protesto-em-wukan-china.html"&gt;da revolta de Dezembro&lt;/a&gt; passado &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/world/asia/protest-leader-becomes-party-boss-in-chinese-village-that-rebelled.html"&gt;foi nomeado líder local do PC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Já em Haimen, &lt;a href="http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1103&amp;amp;MainCatID=11&amp;amp;id=20120116000110"&gt;o presidente do munícipio local mandou prender&lt;/a&gt; os participantes nos &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/12/protestos-alastram-no-sul-da-china.html"&gt;protestos contra a construção da central eléctrica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1410103508055853608?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1410103508055853608/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1410103508055853608&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1410103508055853608'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1410103508055853608'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/noticias-da-china.html' title='Notícias da China'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-102428916712501419</id><published>2012-01-17T13:45:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-17T13:45:37.165Z</updated><title type='text'>O Google vs. "respostas sociais"</title><content type='html'>Bom comentário a &lt;a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57358850-93/why-google-is-ditching-search/"&gt;um post&lt;/a&gt; sobre a alegada decadência do Google:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;a href="http://news.cnet.com/8618-1023_3-57358850.html?assetTypeId=12&amp;amp;messageId=11822801"&gt;"social results" are useful for only a small percentage of searches. (I don't think many people are going to rely on "social results" to learn about drug interactions, the history of Elbonia, or the behavior of subatomic particles.) &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[Isto pode ser visto &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/caracterizacao-do-google-do-facebook-e.html"&gt;neste contexto&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-102428916712501419?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/102428916712501419/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=102428916712501419&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/102428916712501419'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/102428916712501419'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-google-vs-respostas-sociais.html' title='O Google vs. &quot;respostas sociais&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-462498535521323425</id><published>2012-01-16T22:14:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-16T22:14:09.331Z</updated><title type='text'>Os "erros da wikipedia"</title><content type='html'>A respeito dos 11 anos da wikipedia, o Diário de Notícias fez um artigo dedicado... aos erros na wikipedia. Para quando um artigo (talvez no próximo aniversário do DN) sobre os erros do Diário de Notícias (eventualmente com uma estatística comparando as respecitivas taxas de erro).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Mesmo há uns dias houve um de palmatória - o DN publicou a tradução de um artigo inglês sobre "países desaparecidos", em que logo no principio se falava que, em dado momento, os ingleses tinham acabado de ganhar a II Guerra Mundial "&lt;i&gt;com a ajuda dos ianques e do «tio Joe»&lt;/i&gt;"; depois, nas notas de rodapé, a tradutora explicou quem eram os "ianques" - nome atribuído aos habitantes do noroeste dos Estados Unidos mas que fora do país é aplicada a todos os habitantes dos EUA - e quem era o «tio Joe» - o general Joseph Warren Stilwell, que comandou as forças norte-americanas na Birmânia, China e Índia; ainda gostava de saber onde é que a tradutora foi descobrir esse general Stilwell... Ela não saberá que a expressão "Uncle Joe", ainda mais naquele contexto, se refere a Estaline??]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-462498535521323425?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/462498535521323425/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=462498535521323425&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/462498535521323425'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/462498535521323425'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-erros-da-wikipedia.html' title='Os &quot;erros da wikipedia&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1375774246755483494</id><published>2012-01-16T18:17:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-16T18:17:00.272Z</updated><title type='text'>AnCap becoming mainstream</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="480" height="270" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/bZUNi-W_zHQ?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "&gt;How much government do we really need? A former Federal Reserve economist gives a surprising answer: None!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1375774246755483494?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1375774246755483494/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1375774246755483494&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1375774246755483494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1375774246755483494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/ancap-becoming-mainstream.html' title='AnCap becoming mainstream'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/bZUNi-W_zHQ/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5249399013811045864</id><published>2012-01-16T14:39:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-16T14:39:40.240Z</updated><title type='text'>A "Standard &amp; Poors" explica-se</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/articles/en/us/?articleType=HTML&amp;amp;assetID=1245327305715"&gt;Credit FAQ: Factors Behind Our Rating Actions On Eurozone Sovereign Governments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;WHAT HAS PROMPTED THE DOWNGRADES?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today's rating actions are primarily driven by our assessment that the policy initiatives that have been taken by European policymakers in recent weeks may be insufficient to fully address ongoing systemic stresses in the eurozone. In our view, these stresses include: (1) tightening credit conditions, (2) an increase in risk premiums for a widening group of eurozone issuers, (3) a simultaneous attempt to delever by governments and households, (4) weakening economic growth prospects, and (5) an open and prolonged dispute among European policymakers over the proper approach to address challenges.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The outcomes from the EU summit on Dec. 9, 2011, and subsequent statements from policymakers lead us to believe that the agreement reached has not produced a breakthrough of sufficient size and scope to fully address the eurozone's financial problems. In our opinion, the political agreement does not supply sufficient additional resources or operational flexibility to bolster European rescue operations, or extend enough support for those eurozone sovereigns subjected to heightened market pressures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We also believe that the agreement is predicated on only a partial recognition of the source of the crisis: that the current financial turmoil stems primarily from fiscal profligacy at the periphery of the eurozone. In our view, however, the financial problems facing the eurozone are as much a consequence of rising external imbalances and divergences in competitiveness between the EMU's core and the so-called "periphery". As such, we believe that a reform process based on a pillar of fiscal austerity alone risks becoming self-defeating, as domestic demand falls in line with consumers' rising concerns about job security and disposable incomes, eroding national tax revenues. &lt;/blockquote&gt;[Serão estas &lt;a href="http://noticias.sapo.pt/nacional/artigo/agencia-de-rating-usou-usou-ativ_2238.html"&gt;as "considerações do foro político" que indignaram Passos Coelho?&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5249399013811045864?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5249399013811045864/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5249399013811045864&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5249399013811045864'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5249399013811045864'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/standard-poors-explica-se.html' title='A &quot;Standard &amp; Poors&quot; explica-se'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8036510707536479875</id><published>2012-01-14T00:32:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-14T00:32:17.883Z</updated><title type='text'>O arrendamento e o endividamento</title><content type='html'>De vez em quando surge a teoria de que a culpa do endividamento nacional é (pelo menos em parte) da dificuldade em arrendar casa (há uns dias, tanto o &lt;a href="http://arrastao.org/"&gt;Daniel Oliveira&lt;/a&gt; como o &lt;a href="http://clubedasrepublicasmortas.blogs.sapo.pt/"&gt;Henrique Raposo&lt;/a&gt; vieram com essa teoria); se eu percebo, a teoria é que, como não há casas para arrendar, as pessoas têm que comprar casa, e como muitas não têm dinheiro para isso, tem que pedir emprestado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Então, vamos lá ver - vamos supor que eu, em vez de ter pedir, digamos, 100.000 euros ao banco para comprar uma casa, ia viver para uma casa arrendada; teriamos menos endividamento, certo? Afinal, foram menos 100.000 euros que foram pedidos de empréstimo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas, mesmo que eu arrendasse uma casa em vez de comprar, ela não ir surgir do ar; ou seja, mesmo que eu não compre a casa, alguém tem que a comprar (para depois a arrendar a mim); e, então, das duas uma:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1ª hipótese - essa pessoa (o meu hipotético senhorio) pediu ele dinheiro emprestado para comprar a casa; nesse caso, nada muda em termos de endividamento&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2ª hipótese - essa pessoa comprou a casa com o dinheiro dele; realmente, nesse caso (e ao contrário dos anteriores), não foi concedido nenhum empréstimo de 100.000 euros; mas provavelmente foi levantado um depósito de 100.000 euros, logo a diferença entre "empréstimos concedidos" e "dinheiro disponível em Portugal para emprestar" aumentou à mesma 100.000 euros (por outras palavras, é a mesma necessário ir pedir mais 100.000 euros emprestados ao estrangeiro).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ou seja, a diferença entre comprar ou arrendar casa pode afectar a quantidade de dinheiro que alguns portugueses devem a outros portugueses, mas não terá efeitos relevantes sobre a dívida total liquida do conjunto dos portugueses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pondo as coisas de outra maneira - ou há capital disponível em Portugal para financiar a construção e compra de casas, ou não há; se há, a compra de casas (seja para habitação própria, seja para arrendamento) não vai causar endividamento líquido do conjunto dos portugueses (alguns podem-se endividar, mas outros terão um saldo positivo); e se não há, haverá endividamento de qualquer maneira (a única diferença entre as várias modalidade é quem se irá endividar).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bem, na verdade há uma situação em que a opção pelo arrendamento em vez de pela compra iria reduzir o endividamento externo - se fossem os investidores estrangeiros a investir directamente no mercado da habitação, ficando eles como senhorios; aí ninguém em Portugal se iria endividar para ter casa; mas haverá uma grande diferença entre o país estar fortemente endividado ao estrangeiro e ter que pagar juros, ou grande parte dos activos reais do país estarem nas mão de estrangeiros, que recebem rendas por isso? Pelo menos, acho que o argumento que fiz em 2010 sobre "&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2010/09/o-problema-da-divida-externa.html"&gt;o problema da dívida externa&lt;/a&gt;" aplicar-se-ia também nesse caso, com uma ou outra alteração de pormenor.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8036510707536479875?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8036510707536479875/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8036510707536479875&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8036510707536479875'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8036510707536479875'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-arrendamento-e-o-endividamento.html' title='O arrendamento e o endividamento'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3902142663867031013</id><published>2012-01-12T11:46:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-12T11:46:00.089Z</updated><title type='text'>O primeiro debate entre "minarquistas" e "anarco-capitalistas" (em 1849)?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&amp;amp;staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1344&amp;amp;layout=html"&gt;Les Soirées de la Rue Saint-Lazare: Entretiens sur les lois économiques et défense de la propriété&lt;/a&gt;, por Gustave de Molinari, que defende o que hoje em dia seria chamado "anarco-capitalismo"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://praxeology.net/JDE-LSA.htm"&gt;Question of the Limits of State Action and Individual Action Discussed at the Society of Political Economy&lt;/a&gt;, uma espécie de "acta" da reunião da &lt;i&gt;Société d’économie politique&lt;/i&gt; em que a tese de Molinari foi discutida, e rejeitado pelos principais pensadores liberais da época (&lt;a href="http://aaeblog.com/2012/01/06/where-minarchists-fear-to-tread"&gt;um resumo/apresentação por Roderick T. Long&lt;/a&gt;, que traduziu o texto)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://praxeology.net/CC-GM-RSL.htm"&gt;Review of Gustave de Molinari’s &lt;i&gt;Soirées&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, por Charles Coquelin (&lt;a href="http://aaeblog.com/2012/01/09/where-minarchists-fear-to-tread-part-2/"&gt;resumo/apresentação por Long&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3902142663867031013?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3902142663867031013/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3902142663867031013&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3902142663867031013'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3902142663867031013'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-primeiro-debate-entre-minarquistas-e.html' title='O primeiro debate entre &quot;minarquistas&quot; e &quot;anarco-capitalistas&quot; (em 1849)?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8816597885836143589</id><published>2012-01-11T22:57:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-11T22:57:29.210Z</updated><title type='text'>O que é um ateu?</title><content type='html'>Há dias, João César das Neves escrevia que "o ateísmo é a crença que Deus não existe". De vez em quando também surgem discussões sobre se para ser ateu basta não ter motivos para acreditar que Deus exista ou se é necessário acreditar que Deus não existe (sendo a anterior posição "agnosticismo" e não "ateísmo").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acho que isso é largamente o resultado de termos 3 nomes (crente, agnóstico e ateu) para designar o que são, pelo menos, quatro posições distintas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) "Eu estou convencido que Deus existe"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) "Não tenho motivos suficientes, nem para achar que Deus existe, nem que não existe"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c) "Na ausência de razões que me levem a achar que Deus existe, parto do principio que não existe"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;d) "Eu estou convencido que Deus não existe"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora, se a posição a) é inequivocamente "crente", a b) "agnóstica" e a d) "ateia", já não é muito claro em que gaveta por os que seguem a linha c) - são "agnósticos" ou "ateus"?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poderá-se por em causa a razoabilidade de assumir que algo não existe só por não haver razão para supor que existe (afinal, como por vezes diz, "ausência de prova não é prova de ausência"); mas a verdade é que é o que fazemos na maior parte das situações da vida - quando chego a casa e me preparo para abrir a porta, não sou "agnóstico" face à hipótese de estar um gang de assassinos canibais à minha espera; se não notar nada de estranho, parto do principio que não está. Da mesma maneira, se perguntarmos a alguém se é multimilionário, a resposta mais provável é "não", em vez de "não sei", mesmo que o perguntado não olhe para o extracto de conta há horas ou dias (quem lhe garante que nenhum benfeitor anónimo lhe não depositou 3 milhões de euros há um minuto)?. Ou seja, há montes de possíveis situações ou eventos que, na ausência de razões para achar que existem ou ocorreram, simplesmente partimos do principio que não existem/não aconteceram (em vez de sermos "agnósticos" e dizermos "talvez tenha acontecido, talvez não").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma maneira alternativa de ver a questão - um individuo estima uma dada probabilidade para a existência de Deus; a partir de que probabilidade deixa de ser um agnóstico para passar a ser um ateu? Aos 0% (quem ache que a probabilidade de Deus existir é 0% e quem a estime como maior que 0% mas menor que 100% é agnóstico)? Aos 49,9999..% (isto é, ateus são todos aqueles que acham mais provável que Deus não exista do que exista)? Um valor intermédio?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8816597885836143589?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8816597885836143589/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8816597885836143589&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8816597885836143589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8816597885836143589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-que-e-um-ateu.html' title='O que é um ateu?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2869024720892390633</id><published>2012-01-11T14:34:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-11T14:34:38.960Z</updated><title type='text'>Os "3/5 de pessoa"</title><content type='html'>No &lt;a href="http://5dias.net/"&gt;5 Dias&lt;/a&gt;, Raquel Varela cita &lt;a href="http://5dias.net/2012/01/09/76246/"&gt;um artigo sobre o Haiti de Eduardo Galeano&lt;/a&gt; em que este afirma que, na primeira Constituição dos EUA, se estabelecia que um negro contava com 3/5 de uma pessoa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há uma (ou várias) grande confusão acerca dessa cláusula da Constituição dos EUA, frequentemente apresentado como simbolo do racismo dos fundadores dos EUA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A primeira confusão é ser frequentemente referido (como Galeano faz) que um &lt;strong&gt;negro&lt;/strong&gt; contava como 3/5 de pessoa. Errado - o que lá dizia era que um &lt;strong&gt;escravo&lt;/strong&gt; contava como 3/5 de pessoa (um negro livre contava como uma pessoa inteira); mais exactamente, dizia que as&amp;nbsp;"&lt;a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/bdsdcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(bdsdccc0801))"&gt;free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years&lt;/a&gt;" eram contados por inteiro, enquanto que "&lt;a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/bdsdcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(bdsdccc0801))"&gt;all other Persons&lt;/a&gt;" contavam como 3/5. Ou seja, um negro livre valia o mesmo como um branco livre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas a questão mais importante até não é essa. Os "3/5" foi um compromisso entre duas facções - de um lado os que queriam que os escravos contassem tal e qual como um homem livre; do outro os que queriam que eles, pura e simplesmente, não contassem nada. Portanto, de um lado, tinhamos os progressistas humanitários que queriam contar os escravos como pessoas como outras quaisquer, e do outros os racistas esclavafistas que não queriam contar os escravos como pessoas, certo?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Errado - era ao contrário&amp;nbsp;: eram os esclavagistas que queriam contar os escravos por inteiro, e eram os anti-esclavagistas que não os queriam contar. A explicação é simples: a questão dos 3/5 tinha a ver com o método usado para determinar quantos representantes cada Estado iria ter no Congresso federal. Como é evidente, os escravos não tinham direito a voto - contar os escravos para distribuição de deputados iria aumentar a representação dos brancos livres do Sul (nomeadamente os donos das plantações), já que só esses é que poderiam votar. Já o campo anti-escravatura defendia que os escravos não deveriam contar, exactamente para reduzir o peso do Sul no Congresso (e com o argumento que, se os escravos não contavam como pessoas para tudo o resto, não faria sentido contarem como pessoas para efeitos da representação política dos Estados esclavagistas). Os "3/5" foram o compromisso possivel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A ironia disto é que uma posição (não contar os escravos como pessoas inteiras) que foi tomada por pressão dos adversários da escravatura tenha sido reciclada na cultura popular e frequentemente apresentado como um sinal de racismo (claro que os fundadores dos EUA eram racistas, isso nem é discutivel; mas a "cláusula dos 3/5" foi criada por pressão do que mais parecido havia na época com "anti-racistas").&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2869024720892390633?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2869024720892390633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2869024720892390633&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2869024720892390633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2869024720892390633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-35-de-pessoa.html' title='Os &quot;3/5 de pessoa&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-4143722601064755347</id><published>2012-01-11T00:38:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-11T00:38:13.766Z</updated><title type='text'>Escócia independente?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/europe/scottish-independence-movement-draws-renewed-sparring.html"&gt;Renewed Sparring Over Scottish Independence Movement&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The smoldering issue of Scottish independence has ignited again, this  time in a political context that appears to give Scottish nationalists  at least an outside chance of gaining popular support for the end of  Scotland’s constitutional ties with Britain in a referendum among Scottish voters within the next two or three years.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-4143722601064755347?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/4143722601064755347/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=4143722601064755347&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4143722601064755347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4143722601064755347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/escocia-independente.html' title='Escócia independente?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6000086354958051456</id><published>2012-01-09T12:37:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-09T12:37:00.751Z</updated><title type='text'>Os políticos são naturalmente a favor dos patrões?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2012/01/biased-towards-bosses.html"&gt;Biased towards bosses&lt;/a&gt;, por&lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/"&gt; Chris Dillow&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;[P]oliticians are, by their very nature, too sympathetic to managers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This is not simply because they come from the same social class. Nor is it because MPs are &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/jan/07/donors-donations-parties-standards-watchdog?newsfeed=true" target="_self"&gt;bought&lt;/a&gt; off by the rich. It’s also because of a selection effect.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The sort of people who want to enter  politics - as MPs, advisors or even reporters - are generally those who  think that society and the state can be &lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2011/12/osbrowne-the-psychology.html" target="_self"&gt;managed &lt;/a&gt;for the better. They are, therefore, &lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2009/02/brown-betrayed-by-bankers.html" target="_self"&gt;predisposed &lt;/a&gt;to  believe that management is, or can be, a socially useful activity,  which means they are biased to think that chief executives, on average,  should earn a lot.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6000086354958051456?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6000086354958051456/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6000086354958051456&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6000086354958051456'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6000086354958051456'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-politicos-sao-naturalmente-favor-dos.html' title='Os políticos são naturalmente a favor dos patrões?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3370128057153355876</id><published>2012-01-09T00:02:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-09T00:02:33.054Z</updated><title type='text'>"Evangélicos"</title><content type='html'>Uma evolução curiosa dos comentários à politica dos EUA é que parece ser mais frequente chamar "evangélico" ao católico Rick Santorum do que aos baptistas Bill Clinton ou Al Gore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Por qualquer razão estranha, aquilo a que nos anos 80 se chamava "fundamentalistas" passou a ser chamado de "evangélicos", independentemente da denominação religiosa que efectivamente sigam]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3370128057153355876?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3370128057153355876/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3370128057153355876&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3370128057153355876'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3370128057153355876'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/evangelicos.html' title='&quot;Evangélicos&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6125008033309318666</id><published>2012-01-05T19:02:00.008Z</published><updated>2012-01-05T19:14:54.055Z</updated><title type='text'>Os Iranianos são é muito sensíveis e nervosinhos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span &gt;(carregar na imagem para a ver completa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://static7.businessinsider.com/image/4ee6562eecad04150d00003f/us-bases.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 610px; height: 560px;" src="http://static7.businessinsider.com/image/4ee6562eecad04150d00003f/us-bases.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; "&gt;Cada estrela representa uma base militar americana (via &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/us-military-bases-surrounding-iran-2012-01"&gt;Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium; "&gt;Ou será apenas pelos repetidos apelos a um ataque por políticos e opinion-makers americanos? Que sensíveis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6125008033309318666?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6125008033309318666/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6125008033309318666&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6125008033309318666'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6125008033309318666'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-iranianos-sao-e-muito-sensiveis-e_9843.html' title='Os Iranianos são é muito sensíveis e nervosinhos'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1476786070895668150</id><published>2012-01-05T09:09:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-05T09:09:51.093Z</updated><title type='text'>Game of the Century - Bobby Fischer [COM 13 ANOS] vs Donald Byrne</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="459" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/M624T3PTggU?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1476786070895668150?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1476786070895668150/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1476786070895668150&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1476786070895668150'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1476786070895668150'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/game-of-century-bobby-fischer-com-13.html' title='Game of the Century - Bobby Fischer [COM 13 ANOS] vs Donald Byrne'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/M624T3PTggU/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3494863410335205537</id><published>2012-01-03T19:34:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-03T19:34:09.135Z</updated><title type='text'>Africa for Ron Paul 2012</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="459" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Dv0kImk3LXE?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3494863410335205537?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3494863410335205537/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3494863410335205537&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3494863410335205537'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3494863410335205537'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/africa-for-ron-paul-2012.html' title='Africa for Ron Paul 2012'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/Dv0kImk3LXE/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5488989786065431368</id><published>2012-01-02T18:48:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-02T18:48:48.105Z</updated><title type='text'>Imagine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Em vez do exemplo dado de uma ocupação pela China ou Rússia podemos pensar na Federação Democrática da Galáxia (aquela da &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp069Y_P-9M"&gt;Star Wars - so this how liberty dies&lt;/a&gt; ou a da &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY3u7bB7dZk"&gt;Serenity&lt;/a&gt;) para acabar com a guerra civil permanente no planeta terra e ensinar-nos a ser civilizados e a gostar de tofu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe width="480" height="270" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Et5jV8LvAzE?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5488989786065431368?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5488989786065431368/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5488989786065431368&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5488989786065431368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5488989786065431368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2012/01/imagine.html' title='Imagine'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/Et5jV8LvAzE/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7762366840552185607</id><published>2011-12-31T19:09:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-31T19:09:32.853Z</updated><title type='text'>Nova acordo com a troika enfraquece sindicatos?</title><content type='html'>Parece que há um novo acordo com a troika, &lt;a href="http://bancocorrido.blogspot.com/2011/12/portugal-tem-um-governo-de-classe-com.html"&gt;que à primeira vista, irá enfraquecer os sindicatos&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que me parece que se trata:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Actualmente, quando, digamos, o Sindicato dos Polidores de Vidros e a Associação das Empresas de Vidraria assinam um acordo de trabalho, esse acordo apenas se aplica aos trabalhadores associados no sindicato e às empresas associadas na associação - os trabalhadores não sindicalizados não são abrangidos pelo acordo, nem os que trabalham em empresas que não pertencem à associação patronal. P.ex., há uns anos, quando os hospitais EPE fizerem um acordo com vários sindicatos, parte do meu trabalho foi andar a tirar listagens de trabalhadores sindicalizados para saber a quais aplicar o acordo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entanto, o governo, depois do acordo ser assinado, tem a possibilidade de recorrer a uma coisa chamada "portaria de extensão", determinando que o acordo se aplica a toda a gente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ora, ao que consta a troika quer e o governo aceitou limitar drasticamente o recurso futuro às portarias de extensão, o que muita gente considera um golpe na contratação colectiva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas interrogo-me se isso não poderá vir a ser um [alguém me invente uma metáfora oposta a "presente envenenado"!] para o movimento sindical. Sim, vai diminuir a importância legal dos sindicatos, já que os acordos que estes negociam vão se aplicar a menos trabalhadores; mas pode vir a aumentar a sua importÂncia social, já que, se os ACTs se passarem a aplicar mesmo só aos sindicalizados, os trabalhadores passam a ter um incentivo para se sindicalizarem (bem, também não me admirava nada que as empresas decidam unilateralmente aplicar o ACT a toda a gente, em vez da trabalhaira de ter 2 ou 3 regimes laborais a funcionar ao mesmo tempo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quanto aos trabalhadores das empresas não-filiadas em associações patronais, os sindicatos, em vez de estarem à espera da portaria, podem sempre tentar negociar directamente com elas; na verdade, até é expectável que um empresa individual seja um parceiro negocial mais fraco que uma associação patronal. E assim os trabalhadores das empresas não-associadas também têm um incentivo para se sindicalizarem (ao contrário do sistema actual, em que, quer se mobilizem ou não, acabam sempre - isto, "sempre" se o governo emitir a tal portaria - por beneficiar do ACT).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resumindo - talvez o fim das "portarias de extensão" reduza um pouco &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_rider_problem"&gt;os problemas de free-rider&lt;/a&gt; com que os sindicatos se deparam.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7762366840552185607?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7762366840552185607/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7762366840552185607&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7762366840552185607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7762366840552185607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/nova-acordo-com-troika-enfraquece.html' title='Nova acordo com a troika enfraquece sindicatos?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1949427377575304248</id><published>2011-12-29T13:45:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-29T13:45:46.586Z</updated><title type='text'>Tema para reflexão</title><content type='html'>O &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/now-heres-what-a-failed-bond-auction-looks-like-2011-12"&gt;estado da UE que já está a entrar em bancarrota&lt;/a&gt; não está no euro.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1949427377575304248?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1949427377575304248/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1949427377575304248&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1949427377575304248'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1949427377575304248'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/tema-para-reflexao.html' title='Tema para reflexão'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2976633899908838793</id><published>2011-12-28T13:33:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-28T13:33:45.129Z</updated><title type='text'>O resultado das injecções de liquidez na economia?</title><content type='html'>Afinal, se calhar que o mega-empréstimo que o BCE fez aos bancos na semana passada, em vez de servir para "conceder crédito à economia", ou mesmo (como hipoteses mais conspiratórias sugeriam) para financiar indirectamente os Estados, está apenas a regressar ao BCE sob a forma de depósitos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Os depósitos a um dia dos bancos da zona euro no Banco Central Europeu (BCE) atingiram um novo recorde no valor de 452.000 milhões de euros, assinalando o segundo máximo histórico consecutivo, anunciou hoje o banco emissor europeu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A desconfiança entre as instituições financeiras da zona euro aumentou "drasticamente" nas últimas semanas devido às incertezas que pairam no sector, apesar de o BCE só remunerar estas aplicações à taxa de 0,25%, inferior à taxa de referência do banco emissor, que está nos 1%&lt;/blockquote&gt;Note-se que provavelmente este avalanche de depósitos no BCE não será exactamente o dinheiro que o BCE emprestou na semana passada (é pouco provável que os bancos que pediram emprestado a 1% o fossem depositar a 0,25%). No entanto, em termos líquidos (o BCE a emprestar dinheiro a uns mas outros a depositarem no BCE) o dinheiro parece estar a regressar à origem, em vez de ficar na economia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jj&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2976633899908838793?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2976633899908838793/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2976633899908838793&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2976633899908838793'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2976633899908838793'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-resultado-das-injeccoes-de-liquidez.html' title='O resultado das injecções de liquidez na economia?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7929377520146384392</id><published>2011-12-27T12:28:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-27T12:28:03.529Z</updated><title type='text'>O povo inventado</title><content type='html'>&lt;span id="DetailedTitle"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/12/2011122495928144388.html"&gt;The real 'invented' people&lt;/a&gt;, por MJ Rosenberg (&lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/"&gt;Al Jazeera&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;It is hard to believe that anyone who defends Israel's legitimacy as a state would buy into former Speaker Newt Gingrich's &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/newt-gingrichs-palestinian-invention/2011/12/12/gIQAx0zZuO_story.html"&gt;argument&lt;/a&gt; that Palestine is an "invented nation".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The singular triumph of the Zionist movement is that it invented a state and a people - Israel and the Israelis - from scratch. The first Hebrew-speaking child in 1900 years, Ittamar Ben-Avi, &lt;a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ben_yehuda.html"&gt;was not born until 1882&lt;/a&gt;. His father, the brilliant linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, created a modern language for him to speak by improvising from the language of the Bible.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Um comentário meu - é notável como os defensores de Israel frequentemente usam argumentos se pensarem nas implicações da sua aplicação a Israel; exemplos: "os Palestinianos são um povo inventado" (e os Israelitas?); "eles não são refugiados, a maior parte já estão fora há 2 ou mais gerações" (e a "Lei do Retorno" israelita, que permite o "retorno" de pessoas que estão fora há séculos ou milénios?), etc.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7929377520146384392?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7929377520146384392/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7929377520146384392&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7929377520146384392'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7929377520146384392'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-povo-inventado.html' title='O povo inventado'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-541385358399867357</id><published>2011-12-27T11:11:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-27T11:11:47.054Z</updated><title type='text'>"Não tenho que subsidiar médicos..."</title><content type='html'>Numa entrevista ao Diário Económico, a gestora da Espírito Santo Saúde, Isabel Vaz, confrontada com os elevados salários pagos num hospital concessionado ao ESS, respondeu:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Primeiro ponto: o hospital de Loures é público. Todos os médicos que vêm trabalhar para Loures vêm fazer serviço público. Segundo, nós comprometemo-nos com o Estado a fazer mais barato do que aquilo que o Estado consegue fazer. Não consigo perceber o que as pessoas querem dizer com propostas irrecusáveis. Estamos a pagar aquilo que no nosso país, com o contracto que temos, nos é permitido. Temos uma grande vantagem em relação aos nossos colegas, é que Loures é um hospital de raiz e como tal estamos a escolher as equipas. Ou seja, não tenho que subsidiar médicos, enfermeiros, auxiliares, que não querem trabalhar, e que não contribuem para o sucesso das organizações.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nos comentários, as opiniões dividiram-se, com uns a dizer "finalmente alguém que tem a coragem de dizer que os médicos são uns privilegiados" e outros "mas quem é esta menina para vir insultar milhares de profissionais"; curiosamente, parece-me que ninguém aborda o ponto principal - é que a resposta dela é completamente contraditório com a questão colocada: na verdade, a existência de hospitais privados (ou pior, de hospitais públicos com gestão privada) a pagar valores astronómicos é uma das razões que permite que no serviço público haja funcionários com uma baixa relação produção/remuneração, já que se forem "apertados" podem sempre ameaçar ir trabalhar para o privado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aprofundando a questão, talvez possamos considerar que a pior coisa que aconteceu às finanças do SNS foi os hospitais públicos (incluindo os hospitais públicos de gestão privada) terem passado a ter autonomia negocial, o que permite aos médicos dizer "se não me dão tanto, vou trabalhar para o outro hospital" (enquanto antes, quanto se recebia pela tabela da função pública, não havia esse problema - os hospitais do SNS eram obrigados a funcionar como um "cartel" e os profissionais tinham que se sujeitar a esse salário).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-541385358399867357?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/541385358399867357/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=541385358399867357&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/541385358399867357'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/541385358399867357'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/nao-tenho-que-subsidiar-medicos.html' title='&quot;Não tenho que subsidiar médicos...&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2184952310593962322</id><published>2011-12-26T14:39:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-26T14:39:33.581Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>Papers académicos e propriedade intelectual</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://pb204.blogspot.com/2011/12/intellectual-property-rights-academic.html"&gt;Intellectual-property rights: academic papers&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://pb204.blogspot.com/"&gt;PaulB&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;I wrote earlier that I'm opposed to intellectual property rights wherever plausible alternatives exits. I'll start my review of the alternatives with perhaps the easiest case: academic papers.&lt;br /&gt;My relevant experience is all in science and finance: conceivably things work differently in the humanities. In the fields I know about, which are overwhelmingly the ones that matter to the vast majority of the population, the way that journals work is that authors submit papers for publication, the editor asks experts in the field to review the paper, the reviewers make recommendations for changes and for or against publication, the authors are invited to make any changes the editor thinks advisable, and the editor eventually publishes the paper or rejects it. The journal, which has contributed the least to this process, ends up with the copyright to the paper: the author and reviewers work for notional fees or none.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I wrote earlier that I'm opposed to intellectual property rights wherever plausible alternatives exits. I'll start my review of the alternatives with perhaps the easiest case: academic papers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My relevant experience is all in science and finance: conceivably things work differently in the humanities. In the fields I know about, which are overwhelmingly the ones that matter to the vast majority of the population, the way that journals work is that authors submit papers for publication, the editor asks experts in the field to review the paper, the reviewers make recommendations for changes and for or against publication, the authors are invited to make any changes the editor thinks advisable, and the editor eventually publishes the paper or rejects it. The journal, which has contributed the least to this process, ends up with the copyright to the paper: the author and reviewers work for notional fees or none.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copyright is therefore no incentive for the production of academic papers. Its only function is to provide incentives for journals to carry out a filtering process by which readers get an indication of which papers are worth reading, and funding bodies get an indication of whose research is worth funding. Since there are too many papers to read, and too many researchers to fund, both these filters are valuable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In practice, authors often circulate their papers to peers before submitting them for publication, both as a courtesy to anyone whose work they cite, and in the hope of getting helpful feedback. Also,they often make a version of the paper freely available on their personal websites - this is worth knowing if a paper you want to consult is hidden behind an expensive paywall. I suppose that journals disapprove of this practice, but think it prudent not to draw attention to it by objecting publicly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The alternative is simple: authors, as they do now, should consult whomsoever they wish until they think their paper ready for general release. Then they should publish them on websites dedicated to the purpose. &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/"&gt;arXiv&lt;/a&gt; does this already for some of the geekier fields. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv"&gt;Here's&lt;/a&gt; an outline of how it works, and &lt;a href="http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~ginsparg/blurb/pg02pr.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; are some comments by its founder on its implications for academic publishing. &lt;a href="http://mathoverflow.net/questions/65090/downsides-of-the-arxiv"&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; are some thoughts on its disadvantages: none of them seem to me to be fundamental to the question of copyright. Interestingly, there is no suggestion that prestigious journals in Physics have been unable to operate without exclusive publication rights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It may be that copyright restrictions are necessary in most cases to make it worthwhile to operate pre-publication peer review: here are some comments by Richard Smith, former editor of the BMJ, on how small a loss it would be to do without.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I submit that medical research in particular would benefit from free publication along the lines of arXiv. That would get results out quicker, make them easier to consult online, and encourage publication of negative trial results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If filtering mechanisms are required, something along the lines of Amazon's book-review system would be possible. The user should have the option to apply weightings to the reviewers, favouring for example ones with high academic titles, or ones whose views, positive and negative, he shares regarding other specified papers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let's abolish copyright on academic papers now. I predict that a few prestigious journals will survive, and the rest will be more than adequately replaced by free on-line publishing. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Acerca disso, ver também &lt;a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/29/academic-publishers-murdoch-socialist"&gt;George Monbiot&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2011/08/theyre-called-peer-reviewers/"&gt;Razib Khan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2184952310593962322?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2184952310593962322/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2184952310593962322&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2184952310593962322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2184952310593962322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/papers-academicos-e-propriedade.html' title='Papers académicos e propriedade intelectual'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-88732431703176369</id><published>2011-12-22T16:00:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-22T16:00:52.498Z</updated><title type='text'>Primavera cantonesa?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/22/9631761-whither-the-guangdong-spring"&gt;Whither the Guangdong Spring?,&lt;/a&gt; por Adrienne Mong and Bo Gu (&lt;a href="http://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/"&gt;Behind the Wall - NBC News&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;HAIMEN, Guangdong Province—It wouldn’t have been fair or accurate to call it a China Spring, but for a moment it was worth wondering: Was this the beginning of a Guangdong Spring?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since September, residents in a fishing village called Wukan, in the southern coastal province of Guangdong, had been protesting against their local government over, specifically, illegal land grabs and, more generally, corruption. This was a town where one man had held sway as the Communist Party chief for four decades.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The situation grew explosive two weekends ago when one of the protest organizers died in police custody, triggering a widespread and cohesive revolt that saw thousands of people run the local officials and police out of town—the first time the Communist Party appeared to have lost total control.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authorities responded by laying siege on Wukan, preventing food and other supplies from reaching the 20,000-strong population, and censoring all mention of the latest developments in Chinese media or the Internet. In turn, the residents welcomed foreign and Hong Kong journalists to cover their plight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Negotiations between the two sides kicked into high gear even as the situation escalated. The villagers threatened to march to government offices of a nearby town unless their demands were met, potentially pitting them against thousands of riot and paramilitary police deployed along the main road leading in and out of Wukan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the end, cooler tempers prevailed amidst government compromises, but just as the Wukan standoff appeared to ease, reports of more protests nearby surfaced on Tuesday on the Internet. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At least three other pockets of unrest had flared up in districts of a large city near Wukan: two of the groups were protesting similar examples of illegal land seizures and a third—the largest outbreak of demonstrations—was over government plans to build a coal-fired power plant in Haimen. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Protests are not unusual in China. In fact, according to the most recent official statistics, 2009 saw more than 90,000 “mass incidents,” as the Chinese government calls protests, across the country. Land grabs and pollution concerns are among the top grievances.&lt;br /&gt;Although the protests in Wukan and Haimen appear unrelated, it seemed a remarkable coincidence that two demonstrations adopting similar tactics would spring up all within several dozen miles of one another. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-88732431703176369?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/88732431703176369/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=88732431703176369&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/88732431703176369'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/88732431703176369'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/primavera-cantonesa.html' title='Primavera cantonesa?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1705230925176789548</id><published>2011-12-20T10:17:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-20T17:32:36.647Z</updated><title type='text'>Situação dos protestos na China</title><content type='html'>En Wukan, &lt;a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/106435663716662310692/posts/gbq6h1hPacn#106435663716662310692/posts/gbq6h1hPacn"&gt;as autoridades municipais terão feito concessões à população da aldeia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Summary of concessions put forward by Shanwei Party Secretary:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Promise not to send military police into the village&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Promise to have the case handled by Shanwei municipal government, rather than by the township government. If villagers are still not happy with this arrangement, they can request for provincial government to send a supervisory team.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A decision has finally been made with regard to land use by Fengtian Livestock. The government will officially retake the land and will compensate those whose land have been acquired.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Villagers will not be pursued for their aggressive actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Mr Zhu from Wukan will be appointed Branch Secretary for the village's party committee.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Summary of villagers' demands that have not been met in the Party Secretary's proposal:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. He makes no promise of returning the body of village representatve Xue Jinbo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. He does not mention whether the legal status of the "Temporary Board of Representatives" elected by the villagers will be rectified.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. He only promised that most villagers will not be pursued for their actions. He fails to guarantee that no one will be pursued.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Entretanto, &lt;a href="http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/12/20/china-guangdong-uprising-now-in-haimen/"&gt;surgem notícias (ainda sem confirmação credível)&amp;nbsp;de um protesto em Haimen (a 150 Kms de Wukan), contra a construção de uma central eléctrica - parece que o problema é que Heimen é uma terra de pescadores e a poluição da central eléctrica vai afectar o peixe e o camarão&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adenda:&lt;/strong&gt; já &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8967692/Wukan-protests-across-South-China-as-riot-police-take-on-demonstrators-in-Haimen.html"&gt;há confirmação credível&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1705230925176789548?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1705230925176789548/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1705230925176789548&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1705230925176789548'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1705230925176789548'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/situacao-dos-protestos-na-china.html' title='Situação dos protestos na China'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8410952370011387610</id><published>2011-12-19T20:10:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-19T20:10:58.976Z</updated><title type='text'>A nova ordem húngara</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/hungarys-constitutional-revolution/#more-27489"&gt;Hungary’s Constitutional Revolution&lt;/a&gt;, por Kim Lane Scheppele (publicado no &lt;a href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/"&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href="http://www.pkarchive.org/"&gt;Paul Krugman&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;(...)&amp;nbsp; In a free and fair election last spring in Hungary, the center-right political party, Fidesz, got 53% of the vote. T&lt;a href="http://www.valasztas.hu/en/parval2010/298/298_0_index.html"&gt;his translated into 68% of the seats in the parliament under Hungary’s current disproportionate election law&lt;/a&gt;.      With this supermajority, Fidesz won the power to change the  constitution.  They have used this power in the most extreme way at  every turn, amending the constitution ten times in their first year in  office and then enacting a &lt;a href="http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/Hungarian%20Constitution%20English%20final%20version.pdf"&gt;wholly new constitution&lt;/a&gt; that will take effect on January 1, 2012.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This  constitutional activity has transformed the legal landscape to remove  checks on the power of the government and put virtually all power into  the hands of the current governing party for the foreseeable future.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The new constitution has attracted a great deal of criticism from the &lt;a href="http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/venice%20commission%20hungarian%20constitution.pdf"&gt;Venice Commission for Democracy through Law&lt;/a&gt; of the Council of Europe, the &lt;a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0315+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&amp;amp;language=EN"&gt;European Parliament&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://hungary.usembassy.gov/kounalakis12082011.html"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;.    But the Fidesz government has paid no attention.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under the new constitutional order, the judiciary has taken the largest hit.  The &lt;a href="http://www.mkab.hu/index.php?id=home_en"&gt;Constitutional Court&lt;/a&gt;,  which once had the responsibility to review nearly all laws for  constitutionality, has been killed off in three ways.  First, the  government expanded the number of judges on the bench and filled the new  positions with their own political allies (think:  Roosevelt’s  court-packing plan).  Then, the government restricted the jurisdiction  of the court so that it can no longer review any law that has an impact  on the budget, like laws pertaining to taxes and austerity programs,  unless the law infringes particular listed rights.  Finally, the  government changed the rules of access to the court so that it will no  longer be easily able to review laws in the abstract for their  compliance with the constitution.  Moreover, individuals can no longer  challenge the constitutionality of laws without first going through a  lengthy process in the ordinary courts.  The old Constitutional Court,  which has served as the major check on governmental power in a  unicameral parliamentary system, is now functionally dead.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ordinary judiciary has suffered a similar fate.   The government  lowered the retirement age for judges from 70 to 62, giving judges only a  few months to adjust to their new futures.  More than 200 judges will  be forced to retire from the bench starting on January 1, including most  of the court presidents who assign cases and manage the daily workings  of courts.  The new law on the judiciary requires that the Supreme Court  president have at least five years of Hungarian judicial experience.   The &lt;a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-13/hungary-elects-new-top-judges-ousting-supreme-court-chief.html"&gt;current president of the Supreme Court&lt;/a&gt;  is disqualified because his 17 years of experience as a judge on the  European Court of Human Rights do not count.  Therefore, he must leave  office on January 1 also.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The law on the judiciary also creates a new National Judicial Office with a &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/12/democracy-hungary?page=6"&gt;single person at the helm&lt;/a&gt;  who has the power to replace the retiring judges and to name future  judges.  This person also has the power to move any sitting judge to a  different court.   A new constitutional amendment – to the new  constitution! – will permit both the &lt;a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-14/hungary-prosecutor-may-get-power-to-hand-pick-judges-for-trials.html"&gt;public prosecutor &lt;/a&gt;and the head of this new National Judicial Office to choose which judge will hear each case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a href="http://esbalogh.typepad.com/hungarianspectrum/2011/12/the-end-of-the-independent-judiciary.html"&gt;independence of the judiciary&lt;/a&gt;  is over when a government puts its own judges onto the bench, moves  them around at will, and then selects which ones get particular cases to  decide. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the new constitutional system, the legal supervision of elections  has also been changed.   Before the last election, the norm was for the  five-member Election Commission to be politically diverse and for the  government of the day to consult the opposition before nominating  candidates.  But the rules were changed last year so that each new  national election is now accompanied by a new choice of election  commissioners.  As a result, the existing commissioners were removed  from their offices without allowing them to finish their terms and now  the Election Commission consists of five members of the governing party.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The  new election law specifies the precise boundaries of the new electoral  districts that will send representatives to the parliament.   But the  new districts are drawn in such a way that no other party on the  political horizon besides Fidesz is likely to win elections.  A  respected Hungarian think tank &lt;a href="http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/Beyond%20democracy%20-%2027%20Nov%202011.pdf"&gt;ran the numbers from the last three elections&lt;/a&gt; using the new district boundaries.  Fidesz would have won all three elections, including the two they actually lost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Virtually every independent political institution has taken a hit.  The human rights, &lt;a href="http://www.ekint.org/ekint_files/File/barroso_dpa_independence_20111106_printed.pdf"&gt;data protection&lt;/a&gt;  and minority affairs ombudsmen have been collapsed into one lesser  post.  The public prosecutor, the state audit office and, most recently,  the &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/europe/hungary-moves-against-its-central-bank.html?scp=1&amp;amp;sq=Budapest&amp;amp;st=cse"&gt;Central Bank&lt;/a&gt; are all slated for more overtly political management in the new legal order.&lt;br /&gt;And all of this has happened while the press operates under day-to-day intimidation.  A draconian set of &lt;a href="https://cmcs.ceu.hu/node/26249"&gt;media laws&lt;/a&gt;  created a new media board – staffed only by Fidesz party loyalists with  a chair who is appointed by the Prime Minister to a nine-year term.   This board can review all public and private media for their compliance  with a nebulous standard of political “balance” and has the power to  bankrupt any news organization with large fines.  It is not surprising  that the media have become &lt;a href="http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/12/press-freedom-a-loser-in-viktor-orb%C3%A1ns-winner-take-all-hungary.html"&gt;self-censoring&lt;/a&gt;.   This new media regime has been severely criticized by the &lt;a href="https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1751289"&gt;European Commissioner for Communications&lt;/a&gt;, among &lt;a href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38139"&gt;others&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The new constitution also accepts conservative Christian social doctrine as state policy, in a country where &lt;a href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_chu_att-religion-church-attendance"&gt;only 21% of the population attends any religious services at all&lt;/a&gt;.    The fetus is protected from the moment of conception.  Marriage is  only legal if between a man and a woman.   The constitution  “recognize(s) the role of Christianity in preserving nationhood” and  holds that “the family and the nation constitute the principal framework  of our coexistence.”    While these religious beliefs are hard-wired  into the constitution, a &lt;a href="http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/Act%20C%20of%202011%20on%20the%20Right%20to%20Freedom%20of%20Conscience%20and%20Religion.pdf"&gt;new law on the status of religion&lt;/a&gt; cut the number of &lt;a href="http://religionandpolicy.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;task=view&amp;amp;id=6982&amp;amp;Itemid=327"&gt;state-recognized churches&lt;/a&gt; to only fourteen, &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/dozens-of-small-churches-in-hungary-fear-loss-of-status-due-to-new-politicized-law-on-religion/2011/12/13/gIQAnjvsrO_print.html"&gt;deregistering 348 other churches&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In  a democracy, the population can “throw the bums out” and replace the  government with a different one that can change the policies that do not  have public support.  But that will be nearly impossible under this  constitution.  In addition to compromising institutions that are  necessary for a free and fair election – like a free press and a neutral  election apparatus – the new constitution embeds Fidesz control even if  another political party defies the odds and wins an election.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The  new constitution makes huge swaths of public policy changeable only by a  two-thirds vote of any subsequent parliament.  From here on, all tax  and fiscal policy must be decided by a two-thirds supermajority.  Even  the precise boundaries of electoral districts cannot be changed by  simple majority vote, but only by a two-third supermajority.  If a new  government gets a mere majority, policies instituted during the Fidesz  government cannot be changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That’s not all.  The long arm of the current Fidesz government can grab and shake any foreseeable future government &lt;a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2011/09/09/hungary-government-seen-cementing-its-power/"&gt;through the officials they are now putting into place&lt;/a&gt;.    The new constitutional order extends the terms of office for the  public prosecutor (9 years), the head of the state audit office (12  years), the head of the national judicial office (9 years), the head of  the media board (9 years), the head of the budget council (6 years) and  more.  Each of these positions has been filled with Fidesz party  loyalists who will be able to conduct public investigations, intimidate  the media, press criminal charges and continue to pack the courts long  after the government’s current term is over.   Moreover, unless there is  a two-thirds vote to replace these new office holders, they can stay in  office until such a two-thirds vote can be achieved, which could extend  these long terms of office even further.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How do all of these  pieces work together?   One example will illustrate.  The constitution  creates a national budget council with the power to veto any future  budget that adds to the national debt, which any foreseeable budget will  do.   The members of the budget council have been chosen by this  government for terms of 6 or 12 years and can only be replaced if  two-thirds of the parliament can agree on new candidates when their  terms are over.   Another part of the constitution requires the  parliament to pass a budget by March 31 of each year.  If the parliament  fails to do so, the president of the country can dissolve the  parliament and call new elections.   When these pieces are put together,  the constraints on any future government are clear.   A new government  will pass a budget – but that budget can be vetoed by Fidesz loyalists  so that the budget deadline is missed, and then the president (also  named by Fidesz) will call new elections.  And this can be repeated  until an acceptable government is voted back into power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The only  parties that might replace Fidesz in the current Hungarian landscape are  the Socialist Party or, in a real nightmare scenario, the far-right  Jobbik.  Under laws that preceded Fidesz’s  election last year,  political parties that are anti-constitutional may be banned.  Some have  suggested that Fidesz could eliminate Jobbik in this way.  In fact,  Europe probably would not mind if Jobbik were excluded from public life  because other European countries can ban extremist parties also.   But  what about Fidesz’s primary competition – the Socialists?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to a &lt;a href="http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/hungary/The%20Transitional%20Acts%20--%20Constitutional%20Addendum.pdf"&gt;proposed constitutional amendment&lt;/a&gt;,  the crimes of the former communist party will be listed in the  constitution and the statute of limitations for prosecuting crimes  committed during the communist period will be lifted.   The former  communist party is branded a criminal organization and the current  opposition Socialist Party is designated as their legal successor.    It  is still unclear, legally speaking, what this amendment means.   But it  is probably not good for the major opposition party.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Fidesz  government has accomplished this constitutional revolution by legal  means after a democratic election.  But though Fidesz was democratically  elected and has accomplished this program through constitutional  change, Hungary is not a constitutional democracy.  Instead Hungary is,  as Paul Krugman said, sliding into authoritarianism.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Podemos interrogar-nos é se isso é sinal de algum autoritarismo intrínseco dos actuais governantes húngaros, ou se é apenas o resultado natural do partido no poder (seja ele qual for) ter uma maioria no Parlamento que lhe permite modificar a Constituição a seu bel-prazer (em termos mais gerais - o mal estará nas pessoas, ou estará nas circunstâncias em que elas se encontram?).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/12/nova-ordem-hungara.html"&gt;Post publicado&lt;/a&gt; no &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/"&gt;Vias de Facto&lt;/a&gt;; podem comentar lá]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8410952370011387610?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8410952370011387610'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8410952370011387610'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/nova-ordem-hungara.html' title='A nova ordem húngara'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1440033862455061691</id><published>2011-12-19T10:04:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-19T10:04:39.588Z</updated><title type='text'>China - uma bolha para rebentar?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/opinion/krugman-will-china-break.html"&gt;Will China Break?&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/paulkrugman/index.html?inline=nyt-per"&gt;Paul Krugman&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Consider the following picture: Recent growth has relied on a huge construction boom fueled by surging real estate prices, and exhibiting all the classic signs of a bubble. There was rapid growth in credit — with much of that growth taking place not through traditional banking but rather through unregulated “shadow banking” neither subject to government supervision nor backed by government guarantees. Now the bubble is bursting — and there are real reasons to fear financial and economic crisis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Am I describing Japan at the end of the 1980s? Or am I describing America in 2007? I could be. But right now I’m talking about China, which is emerging as another danger spot in a world economy that really, really doesn’t need this right now. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/nyt_headline&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1440033862455061691?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1440033862455061691/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1440033862455061691&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1440033862455061691'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1440033862455061691'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/china-uma-bolha-para-rebentar.html' title='China - uma bolha para rebentar?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5611734631479454973</id><published>2011-12-18T13:13:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-18T13:14:14.539Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>EUA discutem nova lei anti-pirataria (variante ocidental, não somali)</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="210" width="340"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/QpoPg0R8EC8" &gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src ="http://www.youtube.com/v/QpoPg0R8EC8" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="340" height="210"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/video/americas/2011/12/2011121805013685545.html"&gt;Al-Jazeera&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5611734631479454973?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5611734631479454973/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5611734631479454973&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5611734631479454973'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5611734631479454973'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/eua-discutem-nova-lei-anti-pirataria.html' title='EUA discutem nova lei anti-pirataria (variante ocidental, não somali)'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6965977674481470607</id><published>2011-12-18T12:42:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-18T12:42:03.614Z</updated><title type='text'>Lentes ideológicas para ver a rebelião de Wukan, China</title><content type='html'>Um aspecto interessante da revolta de Wukan (em que a população, &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8954315/Inside-Wukan-the-Chinese-village-that-fought-back.html"&gt;em protesto contra a entrega das suas terras a promotores imobiliários, expulsou a policia e as autoridades locais&lt;/a&gt;) é que tanto socialistas como liberais a podem facilmente encaixar numa das suas narrativas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um socialista pode facilmente ver &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/09/acumulacao-primitiva-de-capital.html"&gt;um caso de acumulação primitiva de capital&lt;/a&gt;, em que a classe capitalista nascente constrói o seu poder apossando-se das terras (mais ou menos comunitárias) utilizadas pelos camponses&amp;nbsp; - uma espécie de enclosures do século XXI (diga-se que, pelo que conheço da lei imobiliária chinesa, provavelmente o que temos aqui é uma passagem de "terras públicas concessionadas a agricultores privados" para "terras públicas concessionados a imobiliárias privadas" - ou seja, não poderemos falar de "privatização").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já um liberal pode facilmente ver aqui um caso de "pequenos proprietários resistem à expropriação", como &lt;a href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/12/18/internacional/1324207084.html"&gt;neste artigo do El Mundo&lt;/a&gt; (embora, exactamente pelas mesmas razões que acho que não podemos falar em "privatização", também não podemos falar de "expropriação").&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6965977674481470607?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6965977674481470607/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6965977674481470607&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6965977674481470607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6965977674481470607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/lentes-ideologicas-para-ver-rebeliao-de.html' title='Lentes ideológicas para ver a rebelião de Wukan, China'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3002997091579266925</id><published>2011-12-17T11:25:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-17T11:25:00.867Z</updated><title type='text'>Individualismo e colectivismo</title><content type='html'>Sobre os os projectos colaborativos na Internet, &lt;a href="http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/stigmergic-collaboration-vs-collectivism/2010/05/07"&gt;Kevin Carson escrev&lt;/a&gt;e:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The Web is not “collective” in the traditional sense of the  term–i.e., as it was understood in the days before networked  organization, when “collective” action could be taken only through large  institutions representing some collective of human beings and  coordinated by a hierarchy, in which each individual’s freedom of  initiative was limited by the coordination of a central authority.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is &lt;a href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Stigmergy"&gt;stigmergic&lt;/a&gt;,  which synthesizes the highest development of both the collective and  individualism. It maximizes the efficiency of collective action by  removing the transaction costs of voluntary cooperation. But at the same time, it is entirely a sum total of free individual actions, taken by  individuals on their own initiative and without anyone else’s  permission. The sum total effect is created by individuals coordinating  their own unconstrained actions with the common goal as they understand  it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So stigmergy is the highest realization of both individualism and  collectivism, without either diminishing or qualifying the other in any  way.” &lt;/blockquote&gt;E um texto de há 90 anos atrás, &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20http://www.marxists.org/archive/gorter/1920/open-letter/ch02.htm"&gt;uma passagem&lt;/a&gt; da "&lt;a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/gorter/1920/open-letter/index.htm"&gt;Carta aberta ao camarada Lenine&lt;/a&gt;", de &lt;a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/gorter/index.htm"&gt;Herman Gorter&lt;/a&gt; (em resposta a "&lt;a href="http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/index.htm"&gt;O Esquerdismo, Doença Infantil do Comunismo&lt;/a&gt;"), também sobre o tema da relação entre individualismo e colectivismo (não no contexto da internet, mas no contexto dos "Conselhos Operários" - a que ele chama "organizações industriais"): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The industrial unions and workshop organisations, and the Workers’  Unions that are based on them and formed from them, why are they such  excellent weapons for the revolution in Western Europe, the best weapons  even together with the Communist Party? Because the workers act for  themselves, infinitely more so than they did in the old Trade Unions,  because now they control their leaders, and thereby the entire  leadership, and because they have the supervision of the industrial  organisation, and thereby of the entire union.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Every trade, every workshop is one whole, where the workers elect  their representatives. The industrial organisations have been divided  according to economic districts. Representatives have been appointed for  the districts. And the districts in turn elect the general board for  the entire State.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All the industrial organisations together, no matter to what trade they belong, constitute the one Workers’ Union.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This, as we see, is an organisation altogether directed towards the revolution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If an interval of comparatively peaceful fighting should follow, this  organisation might moreover be easily adapted. The industrial  organisations would only have to be combined, according to the  industries, within the compass of the Workers’ Unions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;It is obvious. Here the workers, every worker, has power, for in his  workshop he elects his own delegates, and through them he has direct  control over the district and State bodies. There is strong  centralisation, but not too strong. The individual and the industrial  organisation has great power. He can dismiss or replace his delegates at  any time, and compel them to replace the higher positions at the  shortest notice. This is individualism, but not too much of it. For the  central corporations, the districts and government councils have great  power. The individual and the central board have just that amount of  power, which this present period, in which the revolution breaks out,  requires and allows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Marx writes that under capitalism the citizen is an abstraction, a  cipher, as compared to the State. It is the same in the Trade Unions.  The bureaucracy, the entire system of the organisation plane ever so far  above, and are altogether out of the reach of the worker. He cannot  reach them. He is a cipher as compared to them, an abstraction. For them  he is not even the man in the workshop. He is not a living, willing,  struggling being. If in the old Trade Unions you replace the bureaucracy  by other persons, you will see that before long these also have the  same character; that they stand high, unattainably high above the  masses, and are in no way in touch with them. Ninety-nine out of every  hundred will be tyrants, and will stand on the side of the bourgeoisie.  It is the very nature of the organisation that makes them so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your tactics strive to leave the Trade Unions as they are, “down  below,”  and only to give them other leaders somewhat more of the Left  trend, is therefore purely a change “up above.”  And the Trade Unions  remain in &lt;i&gt;the power of leaders.&lt;/i&gt; And these, once spoilt,  everything is as of old, or at the very best, a slight improvement in  the layers up above. No, not even if you yourself, or we ourselves, were  the leaders, we would not consent to this. For we wish to enable the  masses themselves to become more intelligent, more courageous,  self-acting, more elevated in all things. We want the masses themselves  to make the revolution. For only thus the revolution can triumph here in  Western Europe. And to this end the old Trade Unions must be destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How utterly different it is in the industrial unions. Here it is the  worker himself who decides about tactics, trend, and struggle, and who  intervenes if the “leaders” do not act as he wants them to. The factory,  the workshop, being at the same time the organisation, he stands  continually in the fight himself.&lt;br /&gt;In so far as it is possible under capitalism, he is the maker and the  guide of his own fate, and as this is the case with every one of them,  THE MASS IS THE MAKER AND LEADER OF ITS OWN FIGHT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More, infinitely more so, than was ever possible in the old Trade Unions, reformist as well as syndicalist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The industrial unions and workers’ unions that make the individuals  themselves, and consequently the masses themselves, the direct fighters,  those that really wage the war, are for that very reason the best  weapons for the revolution, the weapons we need here in Western Europe,  if ever we shall be able without help to overthrow the most powerful  capitalism of the world.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3002997091579266925?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3002997091579266925/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3002997091579266925&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3002997091579266925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3002997091579266925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/individualismo-e-colectivismo.html' title='Individualismo e colectivismo'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2713354648280315013</id><published>2011-12-16T14:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-16T14:35:46.557Z</updated><title type='text'>Como os iranianos capturaram o avião-robot dos EUA</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1215/Exclusive-Iran-hijacked-US-drone-says-Iranian-engineer"&gt;Exclusive: Iran hijacked US drone, says Iranian engineer&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/"&gt;Christian Science Monitor&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Iran guided the CIA's "lost" stealth drone to an intact landing inside hostile territory by exploiting a navigational weakness long-known to the US military, according to an Iranian engineer now working on the captured drone's systems inside Iran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The GPS navigation is the weakest point," the Iranian engineer told the Monitor, giving the most detailed description yet published of Iran's "electronic ambush" of the highly classified US drone. "By putting noise [jamming] on the communications, you force the bird into autopilot. This is where the bird loses its brain."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The “spoofing” technique that the Iranians used – which took into account precise landing altitudes, as well as latitudinal and longitudinal data – made the drone “land on its own where we wanted it to, without having to crack the remote-control signals and communications” from the US control center, says the engineer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now this engineer’s account of how Iran took over one of America’s most sophisticated drones suggests Tehran has found a way to hit back. The techniques were developed from reverse-engineering several less sophisticated American drones captured or shot down in recent years, the engineer says, and by taking advantage of weak, easily manipulated GPS signals, which calculate location and speed from multiple satellites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/1209/Downed-US-drone-How-Iran-caught-the-beast"&gt;RECOMMENDED: Downed US drone: How Iran caught the 'beast'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Western military experts and a number of published papers on GPS spoofing indicate that the scenario described by the Iranian engineer is plausible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Even modern combat-grade GPS [is] very susceptible” to manipulation, says former US Navy electronic warfare specialist Robert Densmore, adding that it is “certainly possible” to recalibrate the GPS on a drone so that it flies on a different course. “I wouldn't say it's easy, but the technology is there.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2009, Iran-backed Shiite militants in Iraq were found to have downloaded live, unencrypted video streams from American Predator drones with inexpensive, off-the-shelf software. But Iran’s apparent ability now to actually take control of a drone is far more significant.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2713354648280315013?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2713354648280315013/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2713354648280315013&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2713354648280315013'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2713354648280315013'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/como-os-iranianos-capturaram-o-aviao.html' title='Como os iranianos capturaram o avião-robot dos EUA'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-432489019873753217</id><published>2011-12-16T12:09:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-16T12:09:34.462Z</updated><title type='text'>O "PIIG" que já tinha saído da crise já regressou ao clube</title><content type='html'>Depois de ter &lt;a href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0703/1224273896112.html"&gt;saído da crise no Verão de 2010&lt;/a&gt;, e &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/09/ireland-recovery-update-not-everyone-predicted-this.html"&gt;de novo no Verão de 2011&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/irish-economy-shrinks-19-has-its-worst-quarter-since-q1-2009-2011-12"&gt;a Irlanda volta a cair nela&lt;/a&gt; (cá para mim deve haver algum problema no ajuste sazonal dos dados do PIB irlandês, que sai sempre da crise no principio de Verão e regressa quando saíem as estatístricas seguintes).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[&lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-piig-que-ja-tinha-saido-da-crise-ja.html"&gt;Post publicado&lt;/a&gt; no &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/"&gt;Vias de Facto&lt;/a&gt;; podem comentar lá]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-432489019873753217?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/432489019873753217'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/432489019873753217'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-piig-que-ja-tinha-saido-da-crise-ja.html' title='O &quot;PIIG&quot; que já tinha saído da crise já regressou ao clube'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3433949320176279679</id><published>2011-12-16T05:55:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-16T05:55:00.149Z</updated><title type='text'>Reabilitando os economistas?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/"&gt;Arnold Kling&lt;/a&gt;: "&lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2011/12/today_on_the_eu_6.html"&gt;In fact, if the U.S. financial crisis was a black eye for the economics profession because few economists predicted it, then the euro crisis should be...well, whatever is the opposite of a black eye...because many economists predicted it.&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3433949320176279679?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3433949320176279679/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3433949320176279679&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3433949320176279679'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3433949320176279679'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/reabilitando-os-economistas.html' title='Reabilitando os economistas?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7385232221343570057</id><published>2011-12-16T00:52:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-16T00:52:50.422Z</updated><title type='text'>O "National Defense Authorization Act"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://original.antiwar.com/mcgovern/2011/12/04/are-americans-in-line-for-gitmo/"&gt;Are Americans in Line for Gitmo?&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://original.antiwar.com/author/mcgovern/"&gt;Ray McGovern&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://antiwar.com/"&gt;AntiWar.com&lt;/a&gt;), sobre as disposições contidas no "NDAA": &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Ambiguous but alarming new wording tucked into the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and just passed by the Senate is reminiscent of the “extraordinary measures” introduced by the Nazis after they took power in 1933.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And the relative lack of reaction so far calls to mind the oddly calm indifference with which most Germans watched the erosion of the rights that had been guaranteed by their own constitution. As one German writer observed, “With sheepish submissiveness we watched it unfold, as if from a box at the theater.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The writer was &lt;a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sebastian-haffner-1046357.html"&gt;Sebastian Haffner&lt;/a&gt; (real name Raimund Pretzel), a young German lawyer worried at what he saw in 1933 in Berlin but helpless to stop it since, as he put it, the German people “collectively and limply collapsed, yielded, and capitulated.” (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Senate bill, in effect, revokes an 1878 law known as the Posse Comitatus Act, which banned the Army from domestic law enforcement after the military had been used — and often abused — in that role during Reconstruction. Ever since then, that law has been taken very seriously — until now. Military officers have had their careers brought to an abrupt halt by involving federal military assets in purely civilian criminal matters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But that was before 9/11 and the mantra “9/11 changed everything.” In this case of the Senate-passed NDAA — more than a decade after the terror attacks and even as U.S. intelligence agencies say al-Qaeda is on the brink of defeat — Congress continues to carve away constitutional and legal protections in the name of fighting “terrorism.” (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Senate voted to authorize — and generally to require — “the Armed Forces of the United States to detain covered persons” indefinitely. And such “covered persons” are defined not just as someone implicated in the 9/11 attacks but anyone who “substantially supported al-Qaeda, the Taliban, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners, including any person who has committed a belligerent act or has directly supported such hostilities in aid of such enemy forces.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though the wording is itself torturous — and there is a provision for a waiver from the Defense Secretary regarding mandatory military detentions — the elasticity of words like “associated forces” and “supported” have left some civil libertarians worried that the U.S. military could be deployed domestically against people opposing future American wars against alleged “terrorists” or “terrorist states.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Senate clearly wished for the military’s “law and order” powers to extend beyond the territory of military bases on the theory that there may be “terrorsymps” (short for “terrorist sympathizers”) lurking everywhere.&lt;br /&gt;Is the all-consuming 10-year-old struggle against terrorism rushing headlong to consume what’s left of our constitutional rights? Do I need to worry that the Army in which I was proud to serve during the 1960s may now kick down my front door and lead me off to indefinite detention — or worse? (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has been happening in this continuation of a seemingly endless “war on terror” — amid widespread public indifference — makes Richard Nixon’s “enemies list” look like a board game. At least the Nixon White House had a modicum of good sense not to flaunt its skirting the law and violating constitutional rights.&lt;br /&gt;It is a safe bet that functionaries at the National Security Council are updating the kill-or-capture list even now, confident that President Obama will sign the Senate version of the bill into law once it gets predictably endorsed by the Republican-controlled House.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then, what is to prevent NSC “counterterrorist” functionaries from summoning the go-to lawyers still ensconced in the Justice Department and asking them for help in navigating what appear to be deliberate ambiguities in the new bill’s language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Backed by a John Yoo-style “legal justification,” an order could be issued to “terminate” me while reassuring my neighbors that, yes, just as you suspected, he was a terrorsymp. Or maybe they’ll simply order some troops from the 82nd Airborne at Fort Bragg, where I was stationed a half-century ago, to apprehend me and give me a free one-way ticket to Guantanamo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After all, how bad could that be? Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld explained to CNN’s Wolf Blitzer in June 2005 that the detainees at Guantanamo were “living in the tropics. They’re well-fed. They’ve got everything they could possibly want.” And would Rumsfeld lie? (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From my erstwhile colleagues at CIA, there has been more mumbo jumbo aimed at disguising what is really afoot. According to press reports, the CIA general counsel has already said, disingenuously: “American citizens are not immune from being treated like an enemy if they take up arms against the United States.”&lt;br /&gt;But one does not need to “take up arms” in order to be labeled a “combatant,” as the government is defining such terms. Awlaki didn’t take up arms; he was said to have provided “material support to terrorism” by his alleged — but unproven — encouragement of terrorist attacks on the United States. (Under the new NDAA, a similar fate could befall someone who advocates resistance to “coalition partners,” like NATO countries or some corrupt governments that are U.S. allies, such as the Karzai regime in Afghanistan or the terror-linked government of Pakistan.)&lt;br /&gt;In the broad strokes of defining American “partners” and al-Qaeda/Taliban “associated forces,” will Israel fall into the first group and Iran, Hamas, and Hezbollah into the second?&lt;br /&gt;Could material support be nothing more than providing financial support for the U.S. boat to Gaza, which challenged the Israeli embargo of Hamas-ruled Gaza? If creative lawyers for this or some future administration get busy, would the new NDAA provide authority for the military to detain such a U.S. citizen under the Law of War and transfer him or her to Guantanamo or elsewhere?&lt;br /&gt;Conflicting legal interpretations of the bill are now more about whether military detentions would be mandatory or the president would still retain some discretion.&lt;br /&gt;In sum, the wording appears to create a parallel military justice system that, theoretically, we are all subject to. All that would be needed is an allegation by someone that we assisted someone who in some way assisted someone else in some way. An actual terrorist act would not be needed — and neither would a trial by one’s peers as guaranteed by the Constitution to determine actual “guilt.”&lt;br /&gt;Should you be tempted to dismiss this as “liberal fear-mongering,” take a look at this item from &lt;a href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/12/01/senate-approves-662-billion-defense-bill/#ixzz1fLkgpCoq"&gt;FoxNews.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The bill would require military custody of a suspect deemed to be a member of Al Qaeda or its affiliates and involved in plotting or committing attacks on the United States. … The legislation also would give the government the authority to have the military hold an individual suspected of terrorism indefinitely, without a trial.&lt;br /&gt;“Since the bill puts military detention authority on steroids and makes it permanent, American citizens and others are at greater risk of being locked away by the military without charge or trial if this bill becomes law,” said Christopher Anders, senior legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A key element in the Senate bill, like the House version, is to expand the original Authorization of the Use of Military Force Act (AUMF) of September 2001 so it no longer links exclusively to 9/11. This creates the kind of ambiguity that allows Sens. John McCain (R-Arizona) and Lindsey Graham (R-South Carolina) to claim that the bill’s stringent provisions do apply to U.S. citizens as well as non-citizens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition, the new wording adds “associated forces” (whatever that means) to the previous AUMF’s list of targets. The language of the AUMF of September 2001 was limited to “those nations, organizations, or persons he [the president] determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Burning the Midnight Oil&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is a safe guess that the legal pharisees were burning the midnight oil, dissecting how the draft bill can say, on the one hand, that this or that provision does not apply to American citizens — but, oops, this other provision seems to allow them to be shipped off to Guantanamo, too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not being expert enough to do so, I happily leave it to them to parse the language, diagram the sentences, and do surgery on each jot and tittle. There will be a veritable feast for the legal beagles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What speaks loudest to me is the fact that two key amendments did not pass. Senate Amendment 1125 would have limited the mandatory detention provision to persons captured abroad. And Amendment 1126 would have provided that the authority of the military to detain persons without trial until the end of hostilities would not apply to American citizens. Both amendments were voted down 45 to 55.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though President Obama has objected to the Senate bill as going too far even by his death-to-Awlaki standard, a more troubling question is what might these new powers mean if, say, another terrorist attack hits the United States or if a more hard-line president comes to power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Take, for example, Texas Gov. Rick Perry, one of the Republican presidential hopefuls. Before a stump speech in Manchester, N.H., on Tuesday, Perry gave us a hint of what his policies, and maybe even his Cabinet, would look like. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Back in New Hampshire, after Arpaio provided a lackluster introduction, Perry took the stage, offering unctuous thank-yous to Sheriff Joe. Perry then reminded us forcefully that he is a “law and order guy.”&lt;br /&gt;That resonated with me in an unusually personal way — so much so, that I missed some of his other by now notorious remarks, like his appeal for all those 21 or over (sic) to vote for him in the New Hampshire primary and those from 18 to 21 to work hard and look toward the day when they too can vote (sic).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Still, the words “law and order” stuck in my mind. I thought under what law did Perry several months ago call on Attorney General Holder to prosecute me and the other passengers on the &lt;i&gt;Audacity of Hope&lt;/i&gt;, the U.S. boat to Gaza, as it challenged Israel’s blockade?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because Perry had been busy glad-handing folks off to the side when I rose to plead guilty to booing Arpaio, the governor didn’t see who it was. And, as luck would have it, he called on me for the first question of the Q &amp;amp; A:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I’m Ray McGovern, and I thank you for coming here, Governor Perry. My question pertains to a letter that you wrote to Attorney General Eric Holder on the 28th of June of this year, and I quote: “As governor of one of the largest states, I write to encourage you to aggressively prosecute those on the U.S. boat to Gaza, who plan to interfere with Israel’s maritime blockade of Gaza.”&lt;br /&gt;You may not have been aware that, three days previous, the State Department spokeswoman was asked three times whether Israel’s maritime blockade of Gaza was legal and she refused to say the blockade was legal. I was one of those passengers on the U.S. boat to Gaza, and with my co-passengers we were wondering what you, as the governor of Texas, a” law and order” person … under what law did you wish to prosecute my co-passengers and me?&lt;/blockquote&gt;Perry turned his response into a commentary on how much he supports Israel — no matter what. Like all of his rivals for the Republican nomination (except Ron Paul, who generally refuses to play this craven game), Perry is not about to let anyone outdistance him in expressing unqualified support for Israel. And so he began:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;“The issue was that … a … I am a very strong supporter of Israel. … I’ve made my point; I must stand with Israel. … I’m going to stand with Israel. … And you’re free to go stand with who you want to, sir, … but I will be standing with Israel.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;“No matter what?” I asked. “No matter what” was his emphatic response that can be heard beneath a crescendo of applause from Perry supporters. To watch the video of this encounter, &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/33078640"&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;How Far Will It Go?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With the new language in the NDAA, it would appear that Gov. Perry and others might soon have all the law they need to stifle acts or words that give support to Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran, or any other perceived threat to Israel, at least after Obama signs the legislation and some smart lawyers get to work on the definition of “associated forces.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then, will the 82nd Airborne be sent to fetch me if I continue to write and speak what I believe to be the truth on issues like these? &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7385232221343570057?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7385232221343570057/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7385232221343570057&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7385232221343570057'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7385232221343570057'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-national-defense-authorization-act.html' title='O &quot;National Defense Authorization Act&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2427533246701096742</id><published>2011-12-15T18:38:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-15T18:39:10.781Z</updated><title type='text'>"Ordem sem coacção" em Wukan</title><content type='html'>Parte&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://twitter.com/#!/TomLasseter"&gt;do relato do jornalista Tom Lassater no Twitter&lt;/a&gt; sobre Wukan (&lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8954315/Inside-Wukan-the-Chinese-village-that-fought-back.html"&gt;localidade chinesea de 20.000 habitantes de onde a população há dias expulsou a polícia e os lideres locais do PC&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://twitter.com/#!/TomLasseter" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="361" oda="true" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eqsAW-vxEX0/Tuo-X2NXfHI/AAAAAAAAA50/sOSnLQYflFo/s400/lassater.JPG" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2427533246701096742?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2427533246701096742/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2427533246701096742&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2427533246701096742'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2427533246701096742'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/ordem-sem-coaccao-em-wukan.html' title='&quot;Ordem sem coacção&quot; em Wukan'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eqsAW-vxEX0/Tuo-X2NXfHI/AAAAAAAAA50/sOSnLQYflFo/s72-c/lassater.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-431447981800928760</id><published>2011-12-15T14:19:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-15T14:19:00.390Z</updated><title type='text'>Os sindicatos e a legislação</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/stumbling_and_mumbling/2011/12/unions-vs-legislation.html"&gt;Unions vs. Legislation&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com/"&gt;Chris Dillow&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;[U]nion bargaining strength is a better  way of raising wages than legislation. This is because minimum wage laws  are inflexible. They apply both to cash-rich firms that could raise  wages without cutting jobs and investment, and to firms on the margin of  profitability that would close down if labour costs rose. (Yes, the  left exaggerates the prevalence of the former just as the right  exaggerates that of the latter.) Living wage laws can’t distinguish  between these cases. But union bargaining can. Strong trades unions,  then, are better able than laws to raise wages without job loss.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The same is true for other forms of  labour regulation: health and safety, working time and suchlike. Union  bargaining can protect workers more flexibly than “one size fits all”  laws. It can distinguish between cases where regulation would be too  costly and where it wouldn’t.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In this sense, legislation and unions  are alternatives. It is no accident that the UK introduced&amp;nbsp; minimum wage  laws in 1999, after trades unions were weakened, and that this weakness  has been followed by more “red tape“ on firms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A &lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp3680.html" target="_self"&gt;paper &lt;/a&gt;by  Philippe Aghion and colleagues formalizes this. They point out that  there is a negative correlation between union strength and minimum wage  laws. Scandinavian countries have traditionally had strong unions but  little wage &lt;a href="http://eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2005/07/study/tn0507101s.htm" target="_self"&gt;legislation&lt;/a&gt;,  whilst Greece, France and Spain have weaker unions but tighter minimum  wages. And which countries have usually had the healthier labour  markets?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-431447981800928760?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/431447981800928760/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=431447981800928760&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/431447981800928760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/431447981800928760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/os-sindicatos-e-legislacao.html' title='Os sindicatos e a legislação'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8675140859566385285</id><published>2011-12-14T16:08:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-14T16:08:00.922Z</updated><title type='text'>As surpresas de Robin Hanson</title><content type='html'>Há uns&amp;nbsp; tempos, &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/"&gt;o economista Robin Hanson&lt;/a&gt; declarava-se &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2011/03/my-surprises.html"&gt;surpreendido com algumas coisas&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;I exist at all; the vast majority of possible things do not exist.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am alive; the vast majority of real things are dead.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I have a brain; the vast majority of living things have none.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am a mammal; the vast majority of brains aren’t.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am a human; the vast majority of mammals aren’t.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am richer than the vast majority who have ever lived.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am alive earlier than the vast majority of human-like folks who will ever live.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I am richer and smarter than most humans alive today.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I write a popular blog, and unusually interesting articles.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Podemos deixar de lado o facto que a parte do "smarter" no ponto 8 é impossível de provar (seria preciso fazer testes de QI à maioria da humanidade para saber se Hanson é mais inteligente que a maioria das pessoas - mas é bastante provável que o seja, nem que seja porque aproximadamente 49,99999999% da população mundial é composta por pessoas mais inteligentes que a maioria). O ponto 7 é uma pura especulação (esperemos que ele esteja certo)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De qualquer forma, grande parte das as interrogações de Hanson poderiam ser subscritas pela maior parte dos leitores, que são esmagadoramente humanos, vivos (a menos que contemos os circuitos dos computadores e da internet como "leitores"), ricos (à escala da humanidade actual, e ainda mais se comparados com todos os humanos que há existiram) e vários até têm blogs. Com tantas coisas que poderíamos ser, porque é que fomos calhar mesmo neste grupo ultra-minoritário (e priviligiado)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas acho que grande parte do mistério se explica se pensarmos em "atómos" em vez de em "indivíduos". Ou seja, sem em vez de nos perguntarmos "&lt;i&gt;porque é que Robin Hanson é um ser vivo, com cérebro, mamífero e ainda por cima um humano?&lt;/i&gt;", perguntarmos "&lt;i&gt;porque é que os átomos que compôem Robin Hanson estão integrados num ser vivo, com cérebro, mamífero e ainda por cima um humano?&lt;/i&gt;"; e aí a resposta é clara - os tais átomos passam a maior parte do tempo em seres inanimados, e só muito ocasionalmente integram um organismo humano; ou seja, não há nenhuma anormalidade estatística no facto de, neste momento, os átomos de Hanson integrarem o organismo de Hanson - cada átomo passa um fracção ínfima da sua existência integrado no "complexo cristalino conhecido como Robin Hanson", provavelmente não mais do que seria de esperar pelas leis das probabilidades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que se passa é que só nos breves instantes em que integram seres humanos é que esses átomos têm (ou dão origem a) algo a que podemos chamar "auto-reflexão sobre si"*, pelo que, nesses momentos (se lhes der para pensar nisso), ficam surpreendidos por serem uma pessoa em vez de, por exemplo, feldspato. No fundo é como alguém estar 99% do tempo inconsciente e, no pouco tempo em que está consciente, pensar "é curioso; eu sei que estou o tempo quase sempre inconsciente - mas quase todas as minhas recordações são de quando estou consciente; como explicar este fenómeno?").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pelo menos as "surpresas" 1-5 podem ser explicadas assim; as 6 e 8 podem ser explicadas pelas pessoas ricas e inteligentes terem mais tempo e propensão a gastar tempo pensando nisso (ou seja, quando os átomos aterram numa pessoa inteligente e razoavelmente abastada podem se pôr a pensar "com tanta pobreza que há por aí, com sorte eu tive em ser eu"; se aterrarem numa pessoa pobre ou pouco inteligente, têm mais que fazer do que esse género de estatísticas mentais); a 9 pela sua expectável correlação com 6 e 8.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8675140859566385285?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8675140859566385285/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8675140859566385285&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8675140859566385285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8675140859566385285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/as-surpresas-de-robin-hanson.html' title='As surpresas de Robin Hanson'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1732785794282023924</id><published>2011-12-14T12:55:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-14T12:55:40.593Z</updated><title type='text'>A recuperação irlandesa</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2011/12/14/the-latest-employment-figures/"&gt;The latest employment figures&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/author/korourke/"&gt;Kevin O'Rourke&lt;/a&gt;, em &lt;a href="http://www.irisheconomy.ie/"&gt;The Irish Economy&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;“So, we hear Ireland is recovering”, a French friend said to me last night.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Mind you, they said something similar in the summer of 2010. Our government has an incentive to sell the Irish good news story, and “Europe” has an incentive to buy it.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, &lt;a href="http://cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/labourmarket/2011/qnhs_q32011.pdf"&gt;here &lt;/a&gt;are the latest employment data, reporting the largest seasonally adjusted quarterly fall in employment in two years, and which surely deserve a thread of their own.&lt;/blockquote&gt;[Pesquisando na internet, é relativamente fácila encontrar &lt;a href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0703/1224273896112.html"&gt;artigos escritos no Verão de 2010&lt;/a&gt;, antes da intervenção do FMI,&amp;nbsp;com notíciais iguais às que se leram no Verão deste ano: "A Irlanda já está a&amp;nbsp;sair da crise"]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1732785794282023924?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1732785794282023924/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1732785794282023924&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1732785794282023924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1732785794282023924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/recuperacao-irlandesa.html' title='A recuperação irlandesa'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8223979753306739372</id><published>2011-12-13T20:36:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-14T13:02:59.128Z</updated><title type='text'>O nascimento do FED | Murray N. Rothbard</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Já era tempo de colocar aqui uma sugestão para ver Rothbard em acção em 1984, o inspirador e fundador dos &lt;i&gt;austro-libertarians-anarcho-capitalists&lt;/i&gt;, aqui na sua habitual tónica de história revisionista. Para Murray esta história é sempre feita de pessoas, das suas particularidades pessoais, as suas relações e interesses. E o seu relato sobre a criação do FED não é diferente. Espero que a achem interessante.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;iframe width="459" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/Ta7q1amDAN4?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8223979753306739372?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8223979753306739372/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8223979753306739372&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8223979753306739372'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8223979753306739372'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-nascimento-do-fed-murray-n-rothbard.html' title='O nascimento do FED | Murray N. Rothbard'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/Ta7q1amDAN4/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3077142085277763733</id><published>2011-12-13T13:17:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-13T13:17:00.348Z</updated><title type='text'>Escola - uma instituição contrária à nossa evolução natural?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201111/why-children-protest-going-school-more-evolutionary-mismatch"&gt;Why Children Protest Going to School: More Evolutionary Mismatch&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/"&gt;Peter Gray&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201111/why-children-protest-going-school-more-evolutionary-mismatch"&gt;Psychology Today&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Most children in our society protest going to school. Am I telling you something new? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They protest in many ways—by feigning illness, by dragging their feet in the morning, by doing the least they can to meet the school's demands (or not doing even that), and by violating school rules when they can get away with it. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Why all this protest? Education is a good thing, right? Children need to become educated to do well in society. Society goes to tremendous expense and trouble to provide schooling—lots of it!—for every child (whether they want it or not). Are these kids just spoiled ingrates? If so, then you and I—and essentially everyone else who ever attended school after schooling became compulsory—were also spoiled ingrates. We all protested it. In fact, back in the days when schools first became compulsory kids protested it even more than they do now, even though there was much less of it then. They had to be beaten with birch sticks to get them to stay in school and do what the teachers told them to do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201110/why-young-children-protest-bedtime-story-evolutionary-mismatch"&gt;my last essay&lt;/a&gt; I used the concept of evolutionary mismatch to explain why infants and young children protest going to bed—alone, in the dark, at night. The term refers to a lack of congruity between environmental conditions today and those that existed during the time of our evolutionary ancestors. For at least 99 per cent of our history as human beings, we were all hunter-gatherers. Anthropologists have pointed out that the hunter-gatherer way of life is the only stable way of life our species has ever known. Ever since the origin of agriculture, a mere 10,000 years ago, we have been caught in an ever-faster whirlwind of cultural change. From a biological perspective, we are all still hunter-gatherers, doing the best that we can to cope with the conditions of life that exist today. In &lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201110/why-young-children-protest-bedtime-story-evolutionary-mismatch"&gt;my last essay&lt;/a&gt; I pointed out that infants and young children protest going to bed alone because, in hunter-gatherer days, to do so would likely lead to death. The monsters under the bed were real. They were jackals, tigers, and other nighttime predators, prowling around looking for small snacks unprotected by adults. Instincts and fears that evolved when we were hunter-gatherers have not changed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now I want to apply the concept of evolutionary mismatch to the problem of education.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As I pointed out in &lt;a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/200808/children-educate-themselves-iii-the-wisdom-hunter-gatherers"&gt;one of the first essays&lt;/a&gt; in this blog, the means by which children became educated in hunter-gatherer cultures were the opposite of the means by which we try to educate children in our schools today. One of the most cherished values of all band hunter-gatherer societies that have ever been studied by anthropologists is freedom. Hunter-gatherers believed that it is wrong to coerce a person to do what the person doesn't want to do—and they considered children to be people. They rarely even made direct suggestions, because that might sound like coercion. They believed that people, on their own initiative, would learn to contribute to the welfare of the band, because they would see the wisdom of doing so and experience the joy of it. For hundreds of thousands of years, that was the organizing principle of human society. The hunting and gathering life required great personal initiative and creativity, and it required trust that people would share and cooperate because they wanted to. Hunting and gathering people seemed to understand that—and they also seemed to understand that children would best grow up to be free, trusting, cooperative, creative adults if they were permitted freedom throughout their childhood, in the context of the moral community and models that the band provided&lt;/blockquote&gt;.Um ponto - interrego-me se este não será um dos tais &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-que-as-criancas-fazem-nas-sociedades.html"&gt;artigos "sem nenhuma relação com a realidade criados" pela "mitologia romântica"&amp;nbsp;à volta das sociedades primitivas&lt;/a&gt; (não digo que seja ou não seja;&amp;nbsp;provavelmente só um antropólogo pudesse esclarescer)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3077142085277763733?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3077142085277763733/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3077142085277763733&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3077142085277763733'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3077142085277763733'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/escola-uma-instituicao-contraria-nossa.html' title='Escola - uma instituição contrária à nossa evolução natural?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6363262771875639229</id><published>2011-12-13T10:47:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-13T10:47:41.847Z</updated><title type='text'>Previsões para 2012</title><content type='html'>Feliz Zulauf, gestor de investimentos suíço (&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/felix-zulauf-a-coming-depression-will-lead-to-the-collapse-of-the-euro-2011-12"&gt;via Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Then I expect next year one country, probably three, will exit the euro. That will make 2012 very interesting because there are no rules on how to exit the euro. A country exiting the euro means the next day, when they exit, their banking system is bust. That means the banking system has to be immediately nationalized in a new currency.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They introduce a new currency, they nationalize the banking system, and then, of course, the government is also bust. Then the government will default. That’s what you have to expect next year. I think Greece will do so and Portugal and Ireland are candidates also&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6363262771875639229?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6363262771875639229/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6363262771875639229&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6363262771875639229'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6363262771875639229'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/previsoes-para-2012.html' title='Previsões para 2012'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6147152110469757597</id><published>2011-12-12T12:02:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-12T12:02:54.885Z</updated><title type='text'>"Corrida ao banco" na Letónia?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/latvias-largest-bank-is-fighting-off-a-bank-run-after-rumors-of-collapse-2011-12"&gt;Latvia's Largest Bank Is Fighting Off A Bank Run After Rumors Of Collapse&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/"&gt;Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;RIGA, Latvia (AP) — Latvia's largest bank is scrambling to contain a run among depositors gripped by fears of the bank's imminent collapse. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The panic among Swedish-owned Swedbank's depositors began Sunday after rumors spread that the financial institution was facing legal and liquidity problems in Estonia and Sweden.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6147152110469757597?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6147152110469757597/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6147152110469757597&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6147152110469757597'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6147152110469757597'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/corrida-ao-banco-na-letonia.html' title='&quot;Corrida ao banco&quot; na Letónia?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1037075317187938061</id><published>2011-12-12T00:25:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-12T00:25:00.553Z</updated><title type='text'>Em defesa do desemprego?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/unemployment-is-the-cure/2011/09/21"&gt;Unemployment Is The Cure&lt;/a&gt;, por Paul Hertzog (&lt;a href="http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/"&gt;P2P Foundation&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;So ultimately it comes down to this. For the employers, which is to say, predominantly large hierarchical structures that exist by skimming surplus value off of their workers’ work and simply paying them some portion of that value as a wage, there is an “employment crisis.” However, for the people, a job merely serves as a conduit for income, and consequently, the crisis is not an “employment crisis” but an “income crisis.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a crucial point, so I’ll make it again another way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An Employment Economy has to make people think of their “income crisis” as an “employment crisis.” An Unemployment Economy has no such necessity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An Unemployment Economy begins with the premise that people perform best at activities in which they enjoy intrinsically and for which they volunteer. This self-selection principle is a key ingredient of current open-source coding economies, and was even used by Google to allow it’s employees to self-direct a portion of their daily work-time. Self-selection is not volunteerism; it’s compensated work. Otherwise someone is still exploiting you and getting the benefit of your labor, only for free.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Furthermore, calling it an “employment crisis” implies that the solution is to create more employment, but calling it an “income crisis” implies that the solution is to create more income. This can be done in a variety of ways, many of which have nothing to do with getting a job.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1037075317187938061?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1037075317187938061/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1037075317187938061&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1037075317187938061'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1037075317187938061'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/em-defesa-do-desemprego.html' title='Em defesa do desemprego?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2924491350800774210</id><published>2011-12-11T02:46:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-11T02:46:47.965Z</updated><title type='text'>Aviões-robots dos EUA infectados com virús?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/10/virus-hits-drone-fleet/"&gt;Exclusive: Computer Virus Hits U.S. Drone Fleet&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/"&gt;Wired&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2924491350800774210?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2924491350800774210/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2924491350800774210&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2924491350800774210'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2924491350800774210'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/avioes-robots-dos-eua-infectados-com.html' title='Aviões-robots dos EUA infectados com virús?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8756567638723887157</id><published>2011-12-08T23:29:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-08T23:30:23.809Z</updated><title type='text'>A cimeira</title><content type='html'>Há 20 anos, a 8 de Dezembro de 1991, &lt;a href="http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2005/12/08/14"&gt;os presidentes das Ucrânia, da Bielorrúsia e da Federação Russa reuniam-se na floresta de Belovezhskaya para decidir o futuro da URSS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8756567638723887157?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8756567638723887157/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8756567638723887157&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8756567638723887157'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8756567638723887157'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/cimeira.html' title='A cimeira'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6954953020010024001</id><published>2011-12-08T19:22:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-08T19:25:56.239Z</updated><title type='text'>Peter Joseph lá vai fazendo a sua carreira</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="459" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/2RDihFrV_Os?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A via não é acabar com a moeda, mas pelo menos demonstra que pelo menos mais um movimento social percebe algo do problema do actual sistema monetário que nos impingem coercivamente, o que é muito mais que as queixas à esquerda sempre com algum instinto mas pouca análise. Pelo menos aparentemente,  o zeitgeist parece inofensivo e baseado em atitudes pessoais e sociais supostamente voluntárias, o que em si é positivo (não estou certo, se por algum truque da história virem a ter poder nas mãos, nem que seja daqui a 100 anos).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;De certa forma, este tipo de movimento, a cientologia e muita outras franjas pronunciam uma mudança social e civilizacional que se vai fazendo. E todas elas põem em causa a estrutura pesada dos actuais Estados. Riscos há sempre. Muita literatura de ficção científica o antecipou. No longo prazo, será o cristianismo a ter que manter a coisa controlável. Não sei se me percebem, mas é a verdade.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PS: interessante apresentar-se como "Director &amp;amp; Film Maker"procurando sempre escapar ao Profeta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6954953020010024001?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6954953020010024001/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6954953020010024001&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6954953020010024001'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6954953020010024001'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/peter-joseph-la-vai-fazendo-sua.html' title='Peter Joseph lá vai fazendo a sua carreira'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/2RDihFrV_Os/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6279395196166655165</id><published>2011-12-08T02:45:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-08T02:47:47.925Z</updated><title type='text'>A "hipótese da eficiência dos mercados" e as suas implicações</title><content type='html'>Uma teoria económico que me parece frequentemente mal interpretada é a chamada "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_market_hypothesis"&gt;hipótese do mercado eficiente&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em que consiste essa teoria? Basicamente, que o preço de um activo financeiro num dado momento reflecte toda a informação disponível nesse momento sobre esse activo; a ideia é que qualquer "bom negócio" que surja desaparece em poucos instantes (talvez numa questão de minutos ou segundos), já que os investidores, ao saberem disso, vão investir nesse titulo, fazendo subir o seu preço e , portanto, deixa de ser um "bom negoócio"; p.ex., mal se sabe que uma empresa descobriu petróleo, o preço das suas acções sobe nesse preciso momento, fazendo com que esse investimento deixe de ser especialmente rentável (apenas durante uma fracção muito escassa de tempo é que alguém pode ganhar dinheiro na bolsa com isso, talvez apenas a primeira pessoa a ter ouvido a noticia "a Gasosas &amp;amp; Gasolinas, Lda. descobriu petróleo na Praia da Rocha"). Ou seja, a HME sustenta que, se uma acção (ou outro investimento qualquer; vou falar em "acções" por comodidade) estivesse barata face às suas perspectivas de rentabilidade e risco esperadas, já alguém a teria comprado, fazendo subir o seu preço (mutatis mutandis para "cara") - por isso, o preço das acções deve reflectir exactamente o que se sabe sobre a sua potencial rentabilidade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma metáfora clássica dada para ilustrar a HME é de que não há notas de 50 euros (bem, a metáfora costuma ser com dólares...) na calçada - se houvesse, já alguém as teria visto e apanhado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora, vamos ao equívoco que me parece comum na interpretação do que é a HME (ver, p.ex., &lt;a href="http://oinsurgente.org/2011/12/04/in-one-sense-were-all-hayekians-now/"&gt;alguns comentários a este post&lt;/a&gt; d'&lt;a href="http://oinsurgente.org/"&gt;O Insurgente&lt;/a&gt;) - o "eficiente" aqui significa apenas "eficiente a traduzir a informação disponível em preços"; não tem nada a ver com "eficiente a garantir o bem-estar económico e social" - os mercados podem dar origem a crashs, recessões, desemprego em massa, poluição, etc., etc. que não é por isso que deixam de ser "eficientes" no sentido específico que a HME dá à palavra (dizer "a crise de 1929/1987/2000/2008/etc. deita por terra a hipótese do mercado eficiente" é um pouco como dizer "como é que alguém pode defender a família nuclear depois de Three Mile Island, Chernobil e Fukushima?") .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A HME tem algumas implicações:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Uma é que só por sorte se pode fazer "bons negócios"; em média, investir em mercados como a bolsa dará um rendimento que só será maior do que, p.ex., um depósito a prazo para compensar o investidor do risco corrido (bem, não sei bem se isto é um implicação da HME ou se é apenas a HME explicada por outras palavras)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- A mais conhecida é a do "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk_hypothesis"&gt;caminho aleatório&lt;/a&gt;", de que a evolução futura do preço de um título é imprevisível. A ideia é de que, se o preço actual de um título já reflecte toda a informação disponível, o preço só será afectado por nova informação ainda desconhecida. Como a informação futura é, por definição, actualmente desconhecida, é impossível prever como o preço do título vai evoluir ao longo do tempo - essa evolução vai forçosamente ser aleatória e imprevisível (um ponto fundamental para perceber a diferença entra a HME e o que normalmente se entende por "eficiência" - à partida soa algo contra-intuitivo chamar "eficiente" a um mercado aleatório e imprevisível)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Outra poderá ser a de que a chamada "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_management"&gt;gestão passiva&lt;/a&gt;" (isto é, uma estratégia de investimentos que se limita a seguir uma regra pre-estabelecida - estilo "ter uma carteira com uma composição idêntica à do PSI20" - em vez de activamente escolher onde investir e tentar fazer previsões) pode ser mais rentável que a "gestão activa": afinal, se só por sorte se consegue fazer "bons negócios", mais vale seguir uma regra pré-estabelecida do que estar a pagar a gestores, analistas, etc. para tentar descobrir como o mercado vai evoluir (mesmo que a rentabilidade antes de despesas seja um bocadinho menor, é compensado com o que se poupa em salários, comissões e prémios de desempenho)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- numa linha semelhantes (ou talvez isto seja um subponto do ponto anterior), que &lt;a href="http://www.thetaoofmakingmoney.com/2007/02/08/237.html"&gt;escolher onde investir jogando dardos para um lista de títulos&lt;/a&gt; e comprar os escolhidos tenderá a dar os mesmos ou melhores resultados do que contratar especialistas (o raciocínio é o mesmo; é impossivel prever como vai evoluir o mercado, e pelo menos assim poupa-se dinheiro em comissões)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- que tanto faz entregar a gestão dos nossos investimentos no mercado de capitais a analistas com um MBA, uma pós-graduação em Matemáticas Avançadas e uma licenciatura em Economia ou a &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2008/03/balano-dos-investimentos-da-kika.html"&gt;uma gata siamesa&lt;/a&gt;; afinal, é impossível prever como as acções vão evoluir, e os custos de manutenção do felino até são menores (de novo, poupa-se dinheiro em comissões)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- ocorre-me também que a HME pode implicar que cobrar impostos altos aos trabalhadores da banca de investimentos pode aumentar a eficiência (no sentido usual da palavra) da economia - o meu raciocinio: em termos globais, pouco diferença faz as empresas do ramo terem super-génios ou super-trabalhadores ou apenas pessoas ligeiramente acima da média; cada empresa individual pode ter interesse em ter os melhores trabalhadores (isso pode fazer a diferença de segundos que permite ser a empresa A em vez da B a fazer um bom negócio antes que ele desapareça), mas para a indústria no seu todo pouco diferença fará ter trabalhadores altamente produtivos em vez de apenas medianamente produtivos (o mercado pode ser uns segundos mais rápido a identificar - e eliminar - bons negócios, mas isso mal se notará no conjunto da economia, ou mesmo para os lucros do conjunto das empresas de investimento); e esses impostos altos, ao desencorajar os trabalhadores potencialmente mais produtivos de ir trabalhar para os mercados bolsistas, iriam levá-los a ir trabalhar para áreas onde as suas capacidades efectivamente façam uma diferença relevante (em vez de serem utilizadas num jogo de soma quase nula). Admito que na prática seria provavelmente díficil (ou quase impossível) aplicar impostos específicos a ramos empresariais específicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[penso que as duas últimas "implicações" não aparecem em nenhum manual de economia - embora alguns textos falem de babuínos - mas parecem-me conclusões lógicas da HME]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma nota final - a HME não poderá ser uma profecia auto-destruída? Afinal, a ideia é que, como há centenas/milhares/dezenas de milhares de investidores à cata de bons negócios, qualquer bom negócio que exista será imediatamente identificado e deixará de existir. Mas se os investidores agirem de acordo com a HME, não irão perder tempo à procura de bons negócios (limitar-se-ão em investir em fundos passivos, ou seguir os conselhos de investimento dos seus gatos), logo as tais potenciais oportunidades de bons negócios não serão identificadas, haverão muitas possibilidades de ganhar dinheiro não-aproveitadas, e os preços acabarão por não reflectir toda a informação disponível (mas talvez a HME tenha implícito a premissa que haverá sempre um núcleo considerável de pessoas que não vai investir de acordo com a HME, tal como as teorias que dizem que votar é irracional têm implícita a ideia que haverá sempre muita gente a votar).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6279395196166655165?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6279395196166655165/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6279395196166655165&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6279395196166655165'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6279395196166655165'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/hipotese-da-eficiencia-dos-mercados-e.html' title='A &quot;hipótese da eficiência dos mercados&quot; e as suas implicações'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-4678108980578695823</id><published>2011-12-07T03:10:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-12-07T03:10:00.494Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='anarquismo: socialismo vs. capitalismo'/><title type='text'>O anarco-capitalismo é impossível?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://c4ss.org/content/4043"&gt;Anarcho-”Capitalism” is impossible&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://c4ss.org/content/author/ineffabelle"&gt;Anna Morgenstern&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://c4ss.org/"&gt;Center for a Stateless Society&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;People calling themselves “anarcho-capitalists” usually want to define “capitalism” as the same thing as a free market, and “socialism” as state intervention against such. But what then is a free market? If you mean simply all voluntary transactions that occur without state interference, then it’s a circular and redundant definition. In that case, all anarchists are “anarcho-capitalists”, even the most die-hard anarcho-syndicalist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Defining capitalism as a system of private property is equally problematic, because where would you draw the line between private and public? Under a state, state property is considered “public” but as an anarchist, you know that’s a sham. It’s private property owned by a group that calls themselves the State. Whether something is owned by 10 people or 10 million doesn’t make it more or less “private”. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[T]hat mass accumulation and concentration of capital is impossible under anarchism, has several aspects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One big one is that the cost of protecting property rises dramatically as the amount of property owned increases, without a state. This is something that rarely gets examined by libertarians, but it’s crucial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One reason for this is that large scale property ownership is never all geographically massed. A billionaire doesn’t have all his property in one small geographic area. In fact, this sort of absentee-ownership is necessary to become a billionaire in the first place. Most super-wealthy own stock in large corporations that have many factories, retail outlets, offices and the like all over the place. Leaving aside whether joint-stock companies are even likely in anarchy for now, this geographical dispersion means that the cost of protecting all of this property is enormous. Not only because of the sheer number of guardians necessary, but because one must pay those guardians enough that they don’t just decide to take over the local outlet. You could hire guardians to watch the guardians, but that in itself becomes a new problem…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the property needs to be protected not only from domestic trespassers, but from foreign invasion as well. Let us imagine that an anarcho-capitalist society does manage to form, Ancapistan, if we will. Next to Ancapistan is a statist capitalist nation, let us call it Aynrandia. Well, the Aynrandians decide “hmm, Ancapistan lacks a state to protect its citizens. We should take over and give them one, for their own good of course.” At this point the billionaires in Ancapistan must either capitulate, welcome the Aynrandians, and Ancapistan is no more, or they must raise a private army to repel the Aynrandians. Not only will the second option be ridiculously expensive, for the reasons I’ve outlined above, but a lot of property will get destroyed if the Aynrandians decide to engage in modern total warfare. Ahh but what about all the middle class people in Ancapistan, won’t they form a militia to defend themselves? Well yes, but they won’t form a militia to defend a bunch of billionaires’ property.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The anarcho-capitalists often have a nonsensical rosy picture of the boss-worker relationship that has no basis in reality. Almost no one wakes up and goes in to work thinking “thank the heavens for my wonderful boss, who was kind enough to employ a loser like me”. When external invasion arrives, the middle classes will defend themselves and their own property. But they’re not going to risk their lives for Wal-mart without getting a piece of the action.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, due to the rising cost of protecting property, there comes a threshold level, where accumulating more capital becomes economically inefficient, simply in terms of guarding the property. Police and military protection is the biggest subsidy that the State gives to the rich. In some sense the Objectivists are correct that capitalism requires a government to protect private property. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is likely, judging from history, is that something like a private syndicalism would arise, where owners of value-producing property would lease it out to organizations of workers, simply because it would be easier for them than trying to hire people on a semi-permanent basis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mining was organized like this for quite a while, for instance, until the advent of bank-financed joint stock mining companies, which bought out most of the prospector/owners in the 1800s.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So we see, even assuming an “anarcho-capitalist” property regime, anything recognizable as “capitalism” to anyone else could not exist. In fact the society would look a lot like what “anarcho-socialists” think of as “socialism”. Not exactly like it, but much closer than anything they’d imagine as capitalism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, under anarchism, even such a strict property regime is not guaranteed. There is no way to impose it on a community that wants to operate a different way. I predict there will lots of different communities and systems that will compete for people to live in them and whatever seems to work the best will tend to spread. There’s nothing the anarcho-capitalists could do to prevent people from agreeing to treat property in a more fluid or communal manner than they’d prefer. Nor is there anything the anarcho-socialists could do to prevent a community from organizing property in a more rigid or individualistic manner than they’d prefer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For, just as anarcho-capitalism is impossible, anarcho-socialism is also impossible, depending on how you define things. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-4678108980578695823?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/4678108980578695823/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=4678108980578695823&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4678108980578695823'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4678108980578695823'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/o-anarco-capitalismo-e-impossivel.html' title='O anarco-capitalismo é impossível?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-669533011862151850</id><published>2011-12-06T23:56:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-06T23:56:02.918Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>MAD patents</title><content type='html'>Arnold Kling: "&lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2011/12/the_intellectua_1.html"&gt;Hal Varian of Google describes the current situation in patent litigation as one of Mutually Assured Destruction.  That is, they way you protect yourself from patent litigation is to acquired some patents yourself, so that you can threaten to counter-sue anybody who sues you.  Ugh&lt;/a&gt;."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-669533011862151850?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/669533011862151850/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=669533011862151850&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/669533011862151850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/669533011862151850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/mad-patents.html' title='MAD patents'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6669246504381272469</id><published>2011-12-06T19:00:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-06T19:00:38.111Z</updated><title type='text'>Mr Libertarian Ron Paul ao longo dos anos</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width="480" height="270" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/qWxaGRZ7Nrs?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6669246504381272469?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6669246504381272469/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6669246504381272469&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6669246504381272469'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6669246504381272469'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/mr-libertarian-ron-paul-ao-longo-dos.html' title='Mr Libertarian Ron Paul ao longo dos anos'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/qWxaGRZ7Nrs/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-543250050071403985</id><published>2011-12-06T14:46:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-06T14:46:48.303Z</updated><title type='text'>Influência de Hayek na "Escola de Chicago"?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/12/hayek-and-modern-macroeconomics.html"&gt;Hayek and Modern Macroeconomics&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/12/hayek-and-modern-macroeconomics.html"&gt;Alex Tabarrok&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;David Laidler exaggerated but he was much closer to the truth than Krugman or Warsh when &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GlIIjWu-xasC&amp;amp;lpg=PA9&amp;amp;ots=HFPOSwFo4o&amp;amp;dq=laidler%201982%20monetarist&amp;amp;pg=PR9#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=hayek&amp;amp;f=false"&gt;he wrote&lt;/a&gt; in 1982 regarding new-classical macroeconomics:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;… I prefer the adjective neo-Austrian… In their methodological individualism, their stress on the market mechanism as a device for disseminating information, and their insistence that the business-cycle is the central problem for macroeconomics, Robert E. Lucas Jr., Robert J. Barro, Thomas J. Sargent, and Neil Wallace, who are the most prominent contributors to this body of doctrine, place themselves firmly in the intellectual tradition pioneered by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Thus, Hayek was an important inspiration in the modern program to build macroeconomics on microfoundations. The major connecting figure here is Lucas who cites Hayek in some of his key pieces and who long considered himself a kind of Austrian. (Indeed, to the great consternation of some of my colleagues, I once argued that Lucas was the greatest Austrian economist of the 20th century.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-543250050071403985?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/543250050071403985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=543250050071403985&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/543250050071403985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/543250050071403985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/influencia-de-hayek-na-escola-de.html' title='Influência de Hayek na &quot;Escola de Chicago&quot;?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2509837085496631264</id><published>2011-12-06T12:47:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-06T12:47:02.776Z</updated><title type='text'>Sobre os salários dos gestores</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/taxing-job-creators/"&gt;Taxing Job Creators&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/"&gt;Paul Krugman&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Right now the official rhetoric of the right, and a fair number of people who consider themselves centrist, is that high-income individuals are “job creators” who must be cherished for the good they do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yet textbook economics says that in a competitive economy, the contribution any individual (or for that matter any factor of production) makes to the economy at the margin is what that individual earns — period. What a worker contributes to GDP with an additional hour of work is that worker’s hourly wage, whether that hourly wage is $6 or $60,000 an hour. This in turn means that the effect on everyone else’s income if a worker chooses to work one hour less is precisely zero. If a hedge fund manager gets $60,000 an hour, and he works one hour less, he reduces GDP by $60,000 — but he also reduces his pay by $60,000, so the net effect on other peoples’ incomes is zip. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, are conservatives comfortable with this analysis? I would guess not, that they have a deep-seated belief that the 1%, by working harder, are doing the 99% a big favor, creating jobs and raising incomes — and that this gain isn’t fully (or even largely) captured by the money they’re paid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My point, then, is that this claim — and the lionization of high earners as people who make a vast contribution to society — is not, in fact, something that comes out of the free-market economic principles these people claim to believe in. Even if you believe that the top 1% or better yet the top 0.1% are actually earning the money they make, what they contribute is what they get, and they deserve no special solicitude.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/11/are-ceos-paid-their-value-added.html"&gt;Are CEOs paid their value added?,&lt;/a&gt; por &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/author/tyler-cowen"&gt;Tyler Cowen&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Remember Paul Krugman’s &lt;a href="http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/taxing-job-creators/"&gt;forays&lt;/a&gt; into “the wage reflects what the top earners are really worth” topic, and the surrounding debates? Why should this discussion be such a fact-free zone? Why so little discussion of tax incidence?&lt;br /&gt;Let’s start with the literature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Read &lt;a href="http://its.law.nyu.edu/faculty/coursepages/data/First_Assignment.pdf"&gt;this paper by Kevin Murphy&lt;/a&gt; (pdf), especially pp.33-38. Admittedly the paper is from 1999 and it won’t pick up the more recent problems with the financial sector. But most of the data are from plain, ol’ garden variety CEOs. In many of the estimations we see CEOs picking up less than one percent of the value they create for the firm, and all of the estimates of their value capture are impressively small, albeit rising over time. Never is the percentage of value capture anything close to one hundred percent. “One percent value capture” is an entirely plausible belief.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Nos comentários, o post do Cowen foi "demolido" pelos comentadores, já que o estudo não diz o que ele diz que diz - segundo o estudo, a remuneração dos CEOs equivale a 1% da&amp;nbsp;subida do valor&amp;nbsp;das empresas nesse período, mas não há nada que diga que toda essa valorização é resultado do trabalho do CEO.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/11/what-is-the-marginal-product-of-a-ceo.html"&gt;What is the marginal product of a CEO?&lt;/a&gt;, também por Cowen:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;If you read carefully &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/11/are-ceos-paid-their-value-added.html"&gt;my post from yesterday&lt;/a&gt;, you may have noticed what a tricky question this is. “CEO” of course is a discrete position, and while there are companies with “zero” or “two” CEOs, those comparisons are not the correct ones to define marginal product; in any case they would give you two very different numbers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor is it correct to compare “this CEO” to “his likely replacement.” That difference could be zero, but it does not mean the CEO adds zero value or will or should receive zero pay. Keep in mind that we are already juggling a few margins here, including “getting this CEO to work harder or better” and “this CEO vs. another.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alternatively, imagine there are ten firms in the economy, of differing size and import, all bidding for managers in a pool of fifty people. A credible CEO offer has to satisfy a participation constraint, namely getting the candidate to take the job over CEO at a lesser firm or working in a lesser job. But if a CEO can add 50 percent of value to a firm, that CEO will not in general be paid fifty percent of the firm’s value and need not be paid anything close to that. The shareholders know he will take the job for less and there are other candidates who might add forty-seven percent of value. The firm can make a credible offer of “two percent of value added” and it might be accepted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unlike hiring widget-makers for “less than their marginal product,” there is no subsequent disruption of equilibrium which must follow from this apparent disjunction of CEO pay and marginal product. For instance there is no firm-level incentive to further expand output or hire extra CEOs. There is one discrete slot, a wide range of potential compensation values, and the final sum is set by a bargain, determined by the context of principal-agent theory. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In general, it is confusing to suggest that CEOs will be paid their marginal product. The traditional notion of marginal product does not apply to a CEO in the simple “widgets per worker” way. There are ways you can define “marginal product” to make the claim “CEOs are paid their marginal product” more or less true, but that is not my preferred way forward. Instead we should get more used to thinking intuitively within the principal-agent model, even though it is harder to do.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isso levanta uma questão sobre o próprio conceito de "produto marginal" - qual é o produto marginal de um trabalhador? O aumento da produção que ocorreria se a empresa contratasse mais um trabalhador (neste caso, a diferença entre a produção de 1 vs 2 CEO)? Ou a diminuição da produção que ocorreria se a empresa despedisse um trabalhador (neste caso, a diferença entre a produção de 0 vs 1 CEO)? Nos cursos e manuais de economia simplesmente assume-se um função de produção contínua com factores de produção infinitamente divisiveis (e aí o produto marginal é simplesmente a derivada), mas há muitas situações no mundo real em que isso não se aplica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2011/12/thinking_about.html"&gt;Thinking About CEO Pay&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/"&gt;Arnold Klin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;2. I think that Tyler's reasons for skepticism about measuring the marginal product of a CEO are applicable to many, if not most, employees in a modern business. Recall the Garett Jones characterization of workers as producing organizational capital, not widgets. CEO's have a lot of influence over the organizational capital development of their firms. When you have an entity as big as a Fortune 500 company, slightly better approaches to developing organizational capital can make billion-dollar differences in value. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The concept of marginal product assumes a sort of mathematical continuity that just isn't there in the real world. The textbook representation of business decisions as solutions to calculus problems is grossly misleading. In an actual business, you don't have an equation for your demand curve. You don't have a cost function. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. I think of CEOs as players in a tournament. Their performance reflects both skill and luck factors. Their pay reflects both their performance and still other luck factors. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. I suspect that the relationship between pay and value for CEO's falls far short of the standards of cosmic justice. But I suspect that even coming up with those standards is far beyond anyone's capability. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/11/ceos-and-marginal-product.html"&gt;CEOs and Marginal Product&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/author/alex-tabarrok"&gt;Alex Tabarrok&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Contra Tyler, it is, of course, perfectly reasonable to compare a CEO with his or her likely replacement. Board of Directors do this all the time. If the Board finds that revenues would be the same with a new CEO the theory doesn’t say that the current CEO should get a zero wage (as Tyler oddly suggests). It says that the current CEO should not be paid more than the wage necessary to hire the replacement. If the current CEO is paid more, he may be out a job. If the current CEO is paid less, he may move.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tyler argues that CEOs are paid far too little (less than 1% of their marginal product). I say that as a result of the process described above CEOs are paid more or less their marginal product on average. Indeed, according to one astute writer, Gabaix and Landier find that replacing “replacing the No. 250 chief executive with the No. 1 will increase the value of the company by only 0.014 percent.” More or less means that principal agent problems, risk aversion and uncertainty also matter but they matter within a range determined by the usual process. I also believe that the case for some CEOs being overpaid because they choose friendly board members is far stronger than Tyler’s case that CEOs on average are radically underpaid.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Já agora, aproveito para relembrar a minha teoria sobre &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2008/01/salrios-produtividade-e-economia.html"&gt;Salários, produtividade e economia "mainstream"&lt;/a&gt; (e &lt;a href="http://fiel-inimigo.blogspot.com/2008/01/o-salrio-dos-gestores.html"&gt;a discussão acerca disso&lt;/a&gt; no &lt;a href="http://fiel-inimigo.blogspot.com/"&gt;Fiel Inimigo&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2509837085496631264?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2509837085496631264/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2509837085496631264&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2509837085496631264'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2509837085496631264'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/sobre-os-salarios-dos-gestores.html' title='Sobre os salários dos gestores'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1463254697101593869</id><published>2011-12-06T01:49:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-06T01:49:19.249Z</updated><title type='text'>Resultados das eleições egipcias</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3369/nationwide-vote-for-party-coalition-lists-%28stage-1"&gt;Nationwide Vote for Party-Coalition Lists (Stage 1)&lt;/a&gt;, em &lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/"&gt;Al-Jadaliyya&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 399px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt;&lt;td height="13" width="196"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Party/Coalition List&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: right;" width="77"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Votes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="text-align: right;" width="126"&gt;&lt;b&gt;%&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;Votes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13" style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3154/freedom-and-justice-party"&gt;Freedom and Justice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3565092&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;36.62321885&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3171/al-nour-party"&gt;Al-Nour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;2371713&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;24.3639615&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3161/egyptian-bloc"&gt;Egyptian Bloc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;1299819&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;13.35268647&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3155/al-wafd-party"&gt;Al-Wafd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;690077&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;7.088973018&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3152/al-wasat-party"&gt;Al-Wasat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;415590&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;4.269242848&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3150/revolution-continues-alliance"&gt;Revolution Continues&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;335947&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3.451092006&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Reform and Development&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;185138&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;1.901872235&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3163/meet-the-national-democratic-party-offshoots"&gt;National Party of Egypt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;153429&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;1.576134317&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3163/meet-the-national-democratic-party-offshoots"&gt;Freedom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;136784&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;1.405144767&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Adl&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;76769&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.788627022&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3163/meet-the-national-democratic-party-offshoots"&gt;Conservative Party&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;76743&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.788359931&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3163/meet-the-national-democratic-party-offshoots"&gt;Egyptian Citizen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;67602&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.694456929&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Democratic Peace&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;51704&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.531141106&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Al-Ghad&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;39999&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.41089883&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3163/meet-the-national-democratic-party-offshoots"&gt;Union&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;39527&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.406050102&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Nasserist&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;39257&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.403276466&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Egyptian Revolution&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;36975&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.379834102&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Democratic Front&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;33293&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.342009919&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Egyptian Arab Union&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;31233&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.3208481&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;New Egypt Party&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;27106&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.278452553&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Egypt Revolution&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;26804&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.27535019&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;New Independents&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;10793&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.110873549&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Revolution's Guards&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;5875&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.060352274&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Citizens and Human Rights&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;4436&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.045569819&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Social Peace&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3416&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.035091637&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Wai&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3180&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.032667274&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Arab Party for Justice and Equality&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3165&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.032513183&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;Constitutional Social Liberal&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;3047&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;0.031301001&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="13"&gt; &lt;td height="13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;&lt;b&gt;9734513&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="right"&gt;&lt;b&gt;100&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Clicando nos links vai-se para uma breve apresentação de cada partido]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1463254697101593869?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1463254697101593869/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1463254697101593869&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1463254697101593869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1463254697101593869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/resultados-das-eleicoes-egipcias.html' title='Resultados das eleições egipcias'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5522414842953093164</id><published>2011-12-05T16:52:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-05T16:52:00.342Z</updated><title type='text'>6 anos do Vento Sueste</title><content type='html'>Hoje &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2005/12/apresentao.html"&gt;este blog faz 6 anos&lt;/a&gt;. Normalmente, assinalo esta data re-lembrando alguns posts publicados durante o ano; este ano a colheita foi má: com a Primavera Árabe, a crise do euro e a queda do governo, a maior parte dos meus posts acabaram por ser sobre assuntos quotidianos e não sobre temas dignos de re-postagem. No entanto, ficam aqui alguns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/10/critica-de-rui-albuquerque-ao.html"&gt;A crítica de Rui Albuquerque ao anarquismo&lt;/a&gt; (Outubro de 2011) &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/09/matematica-de-caminhando-de-thoureau.html"&gt;A matemática de "Caminhando", de Thoureau&lt;/a&gt; (Setembro de 2011) &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/05/vontade-indomita-e-sociedade-industrial.html"&gt;A vontade indómita e a sociedade "industrial-burguesa"&lt;/a&gt; (Maio de 2011) &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/01/analise-de-blogs-por-links-mutuos.html"&gt;Análise de blogs por links mútuos&lt;/a&gt; (Janeiro de 2011)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5522414842953093164?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5522414842953093164/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5522414842953093164&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5522414842953093164'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5522414842953093164'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/6-anos-do-vento-sueste.html' title='6 anos do Vento Sueste'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2260827193359078650</id><published>2011-12-05T08:43:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-05T08:43:00.574Z</updated><title type='text'>De novo os agricultores e caçadores-recolectores</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/10/farmers-foragers-and-us/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Farmers, foragers, and us"&gt;Farmers, foragers, and us&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/"&gt;Razib Khan&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;My tentative thesis is that in our modern age the conflict between  “traditional” and “Western” values is to some extent really be a  conflict between “traditional” and “&lt;i&gt;more&lt;/i&gt; traditional” values.  That the individualistic ethos of the modern West, which puts less  emphasis on the elaborate norms imposed from identity-groups, is a  “throwback” to small-scale societies.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2260827193359078650?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2260827193359078650/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2260827193359078650&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2260827193359078650'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2260827193359078650'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/de-novo-os-agricultores-e-cacadores.html' title='De novo os agricultores e caçadores-recolectores'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2552062547805507488</id><published>2011-12-02T00:18:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-02T00:31:13.290Z</updated><title type='text'>Caracterização do Google, do Facebook e da Wikipedia</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2011/01/wht-future-does-facebook-have.html"&gt;What Future Does Facebook Have?&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://delong.typepad.com/"&gt;Brad DeLong&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The key question that everybody has when they go to the world wide  web is a simple one: "What do I need to know?" Different web companies  give different answers to that question:&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wikipedia:&lt;/b&gt; You need a summary overview sketch of  a particular person, place, thing, or event that you already have in  mind--and we will provide you with such a sketch, written by a tag time  of altruistic left- and right-libertarians and by some people who care  too much about the topic.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Google:&lt;/b&gt; You need to know what pages on the  internet have been most linked to by others and that contain keywords  that you already have in mind.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Facebook:&lt;/b&gt; You need to know what your friends and your friends of friends already know that you do not.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Ao contrário de DeLong, eu não acho que "a resposta do Facebook" seja a melhor (na verdade, exactamente por ser a mais parecida com o que temos no mundo real, acaba por ser a que tem uma menor "vantagem comparativa")&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2552062547805507488?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2552062547805507488/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2552062547805507488&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2552062547805507488'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2552062547805507488'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/caracterizacao-do-google-do-facebook-e.html' title='Caracterização do Google, do Facebook e da Wikipedia'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1844081406273483509</id><published>2011-12-01T20:19:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-01T20:19:28.464Z</updated><title type='text'>Crise politica na Ossétia do Sul</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://hosted2.ap.org/ALDEC/TDWorld/Article_2011-12-01-EU-Georgia-South-Ossetia-Election/id-1057a8a86915462b951881a2600aec0f"&gt;South Ossetian opposition leader rejects new vote&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.ap.org/"&gt;Associated Press&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt; South Ossetia does not need a new presidential election, the candidate whose apparent victory over a Kremlin-backed rival was annulled in the breakaway Georgian province said Thursday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As anti-corruption crusader Alla Dzhioyeva spoke, armed troops surrounded the government building in the separatist capital of Tskhinvali, gearing up for a rally of her supporters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dzhioyeva declared herself president after she led with about 57 percent of Sunday's runoff vote with ballots from 74 of the 85 precincts counted, while rival Anatoly Bibilov trailed with 40 percent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the separatist government annulled the vote due to alleged violations and barred Dzhioyeva from participating in the new vote.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I won my election — 17,000 out of 30,000 (voters) cast their ballots for me," the 62-year-old former school principal told journalists. "This is our victory, and they want to steal it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She said thousands of supporters would rally later in the day in front of the government building as South Ossetia's Supreme Court deliberates her appeal on the annulment and whether she is allowed to run in the March re-vote.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dzhioyeva also demanded the court reach its decision by Thursday evening. But she later met with Russian envoy Sergei Vinokurov and said discussions would continue Friday. Russia exerts strong influence in South Ossetia, providing lavish aid and recognizing it as an independent nation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fearing a large protest, trucks and armored military vehicles continued to cordon off the government building in the capital of Tskhinvali, and dozens of armed military officers, some of them masked, surrounded the area.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Addressing Dzhioyeva's supporters, who gathered at a nearby square, former defense minister Anatoly Barankevich urged them to refrain from violence. "They are just waiting for an excuse to declare an emergency situation," the widely respected veteran said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1844081406273483509?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1844081406273483509/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1844081406273483509&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1844081406273483509'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1844081406273483509'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/crise-politica-na-ossetia-do-sul.html' title='Crise politica na Ossétia do Sul'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5125276110171415547</id><published>2011-12-01T17:54:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-01T17:54:13.311Z</updated><title type='text'>Re: Opções para Portugal</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://blasfemias.net/"&gt;João Miranda&lt;/a&gt; expõe &lt;a href="http://blasfemias.net/2011/12/01/opcoes-para-portugal-varios-cenarios/"&gt;algumas opções para Portugal&lt;/a&gt; (via &lt;a href="http://oinsurgente.org/2011/12/01/portugal-e-o-euro-cenarios-possiveis/"&gt;O Insurgente&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Intervenção do BCE para salvar o euro emitindo moeda&lt;/b&gt;: Inflação. Perda colossal do poder de compra. Portugal entra em austeridade por via inflacionista (salários reais da função pública caem mais 10% ou 20%)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Pelo menos, ambíguo - há várias décadas que os economistas polemizam entre si sobre se uma expansão monetário origina sempre uma subida de preço ou se isso só acontece quando a economia está em pleno emprego (o caso recente dos EUA, em que uma expansão monetária brutal provocou apenas um pequeno aumento da inflação, parece dar razão à segunda teoria). Assim, se a primeira teoria estiver certa, João Miranda está certo; se a segunda estiver certa, seria possivel ao BCE emitir moeda sem causar inflação, já que a economia da zona euro está provavelmente longe do pleno emprego.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Portugal sai da zona euro:&lt;/strong&gt; Queda abrupta do PIB  português. Financiamento congela. Política de austeridade.&amp;nbsp; Portugal tem  que cortar na despesa para atingir défice zero de imediato.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: white;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Zona euro implode:&lt;/strong&gt; Queda abrupta do PIB da zona  euro. Financiamento congela. Política de austeridade.&amp;nbsp; Portugal tem que  cortar na despesa para atingir défice zero de imediato.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Em ambos os casos, falta uma coisa - "&lt;i&gt;Desvalorização do novo escudo aumenta a competitividade da indústria e da agricultura nacionais, que passam a vender mais. O empobrecimento geral criado pela austeridade é parcialmente contrabalançado pelo enriquecimento de sectores da burguesia rural e industrial, pelo que, no conjunto, o país fica um pouco menos mal do que nas opções &lt;b&gt;Cenário actua&lt;/b&gt;l e &lt;b&gt;Grécia sai do euro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;"&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5125276110171415547?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5125276110171415547/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5125276110171415547&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5125276110171415547'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5125276110171415547'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/re-opcoes-para-portugal.html' title='Re: Opções para Portugal'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8076358836830541259</id><published>2011-12-01T09:22:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-01T09:33:56.172Z</updated><title type='text'>extremismo ao centro</title><content type='html'>O terrorista  islamofóbico-pro-Israel é considerado louco. Dizem que é de extrema-direita tradicionalmente anti-semita. Eu acho que está mais perto do que tenho chamado de extremistas ao centro-direita, os zelosos protectores das "[sociais] democracias-liberais" inspirados em parte pelo messianismo neo-conservador e o complexo de "Munich" (agir quanto antes porque senão teremos um novo Hitler, como quem esquece que foi Estaline quem venceu em toda a linha). Bons e tranquilos cidadãos, profundos apreciadores da serenidade social se horroriza legitimamente com as vítimas do terrorismo, e com a maior das calmas  pode defender a necessidade e legitimidade da violência institucional armada em massa como instrumento civilizacional, a racionalidade do Vietname e Hiroxima.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8076358836830541259?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8076358836830541259/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8076358836830541259&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8076358836830541259'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8076358836830541259'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/extremismo-ao-centro.html' title='extremismo ao centro'/><author><name>CN</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05702704702566656466</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1135265196022099312</id><published>2011-12-01T03:33:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-02T13:34:08.125Z</updated><title type='text'>A economia de "Sem Tempo"</title><content type='html'>Atenção - possíveis spoilers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name='more'&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para começar, três artigos sobre o sistema económico do filme "&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1637688/"&gt;Sem Tempo&lt;/a&gt;": &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/10/in-time-spoilers-about-the-macroeconomic-model.html"&gt;*In Time* (spoilers about the macroeconomic model)&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/"&gt;Tyler Cowen&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2011/10/in-time-economics.html"&gt;&lt;i&gt;In Time&lt;/i&gt; Economics&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/"&gt;Robin Hanson&lt;/a&gt;, e &lt;a href="http://blog.chewxy.com/2011/11/the-economics-of-andrew-niccols-in-time/"&gt;The Economics of Andrew Niccol’s In Time&lt;/a&gt;, por "&lt;a href="http://blog.chewxy.com/"&gt;Chewxy&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora, há uma coisa que não me parece muito clara no filme - como é que a "moeda" (tempo de vida) é exactamente posta em circulação? Há que vejo duas hipóteses possíveis:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Numa hipótese, assume-se que toda a gente recebe um ano de vida quando faz 25 anos, e, para alguém viver 27 anos, duas pessoas teriam que morrer com 25 anos e meio, ou quatro com 25 anos e 9 meses - ou seja, a esperança média de vida seria de 26 anos. No fundo, In Time seria simplesmente &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074812/"&gt;Logan's Run&lt;/a&gt;, mas com um sistema de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_and_trade"&gt;cap and trade&lt;/a&gt; (as pessoas puderem transacionar os anos limitados de vida que lhes são atribuidos) - a &lt;a href="http://blog.chewxy.com/2011/11/the-economics-of-andrew-niccols-in-time/"&gt;análise de "Chewxy"&lt;/a&gt; parece feita nesse pressuposto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Algumas coisas no filme dão essa ideia - nomeadamente a referência a "para alguns serem imortais, muitos têm que morrer", o que pode indicar que a quantidade total de tempo de vida disponível nessa sociedade é fixa; mas também pode apenas querer dizer que, numa sociedade em que os humanos são &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality"&gt;biologicamente imortais&lt;/a&gt;, é necessária uma mortalidade muito alta para impedir a super-população (se alguém achar que o que acabei de escrever é uma contradição, clique no &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O primeiro argumento contra a hipótese das coisas funcionarem assim é o de que quase toda a gente no filme parece ter mais de 26 anos (é que Hanson faz &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2011/10/in-time-economics.html#comment-535417"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;). No entanto, se 99% das pessoas morrerem com 25 anos e 1 mês e 1% aos 116 anos e 9 meses, provavelmente mais de 90% das pessoas vivas &lt;b&gt;em cada momento&lt;/b&gt; terão mais que 26 anos (como os outros morreram, a gente não os vê). Mas tal implicaria que houvesse muitos mais cadáveres na rua dos que que aparecem no filme (a menos que quase toda a gente morra durante o sono).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Além disso, todo o entusiasmo com a redistribuição da riqueza/tempo de vida faria pouco sentido quando (quase) toda a gente (viva) já viveu mais do que com uma distribuição igualitária.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A hipótese alternativa é assumir que, além daquele ano que cada pessoa recebe ao fazer 25 anos, há produção adicional de tempo/dinheiro, que é posto em circulação de alguma maneira. Uma maneira de isso funcionar era temos um modelo tipo "banco central", em que "tempo de vida" é injectado ou retirado da economia conforme as necessidades. Note-se que o facto de haver grandes ecrãs a controlar quanto tempo existe em cada bairro parece ir nesse sentido - pelo menos as autoridades monitorizam a quantidade de "moeda" em circulação, o que levanta a ideia de que também a gerem. E aí todo o esquema do filme faz mais sentido:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Fala-se nuns "eles" que sobem os preços e os juros quando muito dinheiro/tempo é posto em circulação; se a subida dos preços pode ser explicada sem conspirações (é o efeito natural de uma expansão monetária), já a subida dos juros é típica de um sistema em que um banco central sobe os juros quando há muito dinheiro a circular (de outra maneira, até seria de esperar que a distribuição de tempo/dinheiro fizesse baixar os juros, por diminuir a procura por empréstimos)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- A existência de várias "zonas de tempo" é apresentado como parte do sistema para favorecer os ricos à custa dos pobres; isso faz sentido se existirem controles ao movimentos de capitais de uma zona para outra (como parece haver - note-se que o "Vigilante do Tempo" não permite que "Peter Weiss" pague o resgate), e o banco central (agindo como comité executivo da classe dominante) manipule a taxa de juro praticada em cada "zona de tempo" de forma a assegurar que nunca haja muito dinheiro/tempo nos bairros pobres (de novo, bate certo com haver um controle rigoroso de quanto tempo existe em cada "zona de tempo")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se assim for, o sistema será mais parecido com a visão de Robin Hanson, embora a redistribuição da riqueza a favor dos ricos seja feita não tanto via impostos e subsídios, mas através da emissão de moeda e dos controles de capitais, que provavelmente levam a que os juros sejam mais baixos nos bairros ricos do que nos pobres (permitindo a quem tenha autorização para movimentar capital de uns bairros para outros lucrar com o diferencial) - uma visão parecida com&lt;a href="http://c4ss.org/content/6888"&gt; a síntese austríaca-mutualista&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se calhar o filme precisaria de ser acompanhado por &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2010/03/organizacao-social-nos-romances-de.html?showComment=1269440526508#c703613209451186402"&gt;um pseudo-documentário explicando o sistema monetário em vigor&lt;/a&gt;; talvez venha como um extra na edição em DVD?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora uma análise puramente cinematográfica e não económica - não acham (os que tenha visto o filme) que o personagem mais interessante e menos caricatural acaba por ser mesmo o "Vigilante do Tempo"?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Noto também que "Sem Tempo" vai um pouco contra o que escrevi &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/os-telemoveis-e-ficcao-cientifica.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; - é um filme que, apesar de ser de acção/aventura, perde grande tempo a descrever a vida normal das pessoas normais; além disso, apesar de ser uma espécie de distopia, não é um regime totalitário, embora seja provavelmente autoritário; mas o facto de ser uma espécie de one-issue FC - a única coisa de ficção cientifica que lá há é o peculiar sistema monetário-biológico; tudo&amp;nbsp; resto é quase igual aos dias de hoje - talvez o torne um caso há parte]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1135265196022099312?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1135265196022099312/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1135265196022099312&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1135265196022099312'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1135265196022099312'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/12/economia-de-sem-tempo.html' title='A economia de &quot;Sem Tempo&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7653008763226810079</id><published>2011-11-30T18:47:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-11-30T18:50:38.443Z</updated><title type='text'>Exército dos EUA com poderes para deter qualquer pessoa em qualquer sitio? (II)</title><content type='html'>A &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/exercito-dos-eua-com-poderes-para-deter.html"&gt;ideia&lt;/a&gt; parece estar a avançar. Ontem &lt;a href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&amp;amp;session=1&amp;amp;vote=00210#position"&gt;o Senado dos EUA rejeitou uma proposta&lt;/a&gt; que &lt;a href="http://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security/senate-rejects-amendment-banning-indefinite-detention"&gt;iria limitar o âmbito dessa hipotética futura lei&lt;/a&gt; (parece-me que os único Republicanos que votou "sim" - isto é, contra o exército poder deter pessoas indefinidamente, incluindo cidadãos dos EUA -&amp;nbsp; foram&amp;nbsp; Rand Paul e &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kirk"&gt;Mark Kirk&lt;/a&gt;; em compensação uma carrada de Democratas que votaram "não").&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7653008763226810079?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7653008763226810079/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7653008763226810079&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7653008763226810079'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7653008763226810079'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/exercito-dos-eua-com-poderes-para-deter_30.html' title='Exército dos EUA com poderes para deter qualquer pessoa em qualquer sitio? (II)'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7926996645158247267</id><published>2011-11-30T08:17:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-11-30T08:17:00.219Z</updated><title type='text'>Resultados escolares e desporto</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7221"&gt;Sports and child development&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7219"&gt;Christina Felfe&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/628"&gt;Michael Lechner&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7220"&gt;Andreas Steinmayr&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/"&gt;VoxEU&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Our study (Felfe &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt; 2011) aims to fill this gap and to shed  some light on the effect of sport activities on smaller children's  human-capital formation. Our results reveal that active sport club  participation leads to improvements in children's cognitive and  non-cognitive skills, which are of similar size to the ones found for  largescale educational programmes.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Uma questão interessante que este estudo pode levantar é a aparente contradição entre a sua conclusão (que a parática desportiva estimula, entre outras, as capacidades cognitivas) e os estereótipos sociais dominantes (nomeadamente o do "melhor aluno da turma que não consegue acertar numa bola").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entanto, ocorre-me que talvez as duas posições possam ser conciliadas, com alguns ajustes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em primeiro lugar, convém ver que o estudo usou "notas na escola" como proxy para "capacidades cognitivas" e "participação num clube" para "prática desportiva".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em segundo lugar, é possível que o tal estéreotipo do  "melhor aluno da turma que não consegue acertar numa bola" falhe ligeiramente o alvo - talvez quem costume ser uma lástima a desporto e actividades afins não sejam exactamente os "melhores alunos", mas sim aqueles alunos inteligentes, com uma vasta cultura geral, etc., &lt;b&gt;mas&lt;/b&gt; sem a energia, resiliência e a capacidade de auto-motivação e concentração suficientes para passarem de "aluno médio com bons momentos ocasionais" a "melhor aluno" (na &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator"&gt;tipologia Myer-Briggs&lt;/a&gt;, sobretudo &lt;a href="http://www.personalitypage.com/html/INTP.html"&gt;o tipo INTP&lt;/a&gt; - atenção ao "&lt;a href="http://www.personalitypage.com/html/four-prefs.html#JP"&gt;P&lt;/a&gt;", que é relevante para a hipótese).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em terceiro lugar, talvez o estereótipo oposto, o do "mau aluno que só quer é jogar à bola", seja largamente composto por crianças e jovens que costumem jogar à bola no parque/no recreio/num descampado com os amigos em vez de participarem em "desporto organizado".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assim, assumindo essas duas hipóteses (admito que algo especulativas), talvez seja possivel conciliar os estereótipos tradicionais com a conclusão empírica que as crianças que participam em clubes desportivos tendem a ter melhores notas na escola.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7926996645158247267?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7926996645158247267/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7926996645158247267&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7926996645158247267'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7926996645158247267'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/resultados-escolares-e-desporto.html' title='Resultados escolares e desporto'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-949613444672365566</id><published>2011-11-30T02:03:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-30T02:03:39.044Z</updated><title type='text'>Os telemóveis e a ficção cientifica</title><content type='html'>N'&lt;a href="http://destrezadasduvidas.blogspot.com/"&gt;A Destreza das Dúvidas&lt;/a&gt;, José Carlos Alexandre levanta uma questão interessante -&lt;a href="http://destrezadasduvidas.blogspot.com/2011/11/o-futuro-sem-telemoveis.html"&gt; na ficção cientifica, pelos vistos ninguém se lembrou de inventar o telemóvel&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bem, na verdade há quem diga que o telemóvel foi &lt;a href="http://geekshuiliving.com/2010/03/15/mobile-phones-how-science-fiction-failed-us/"&gt;inspirado&lt;/a&gt; no "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicator_%28Star_Trek%29"&gt;comunicador"  que capitão Kirk do "Caminho das Estrelas" usa para falar para a tripulação da nave (sobretudo quando está numa missão num planeta)&lt;/a&gt;; no entanto, pelo menos na série original, eu consideraria esse "comunicador" mais como um walkie-talkie de longo alcance do que como um telemóvel: penso que ele só consegue usar o dispositivo para contactar com a nave e/ou com os outros membros da tripulação - não me parece que seja um sistema em que o utilizador pode escolher (introduzindo um código?) com quem quer falar (ou, se o sistema tinha essa funcionalidade, não me parece que tenha sido mostrada em acção).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assim, mantém-se a questão - porque é que ninguém se lembrou do telemóvel (enquanto se lembraram de coisas que não se verificaram, como bases lunares em 1999, viagens a Júpiter em 2001 e até mesmo os &lt;a href="http://xkcd.com/652/"&gt;robots assassinos não funcionam exactamente como esperado&lt;/a&gt;)? Até porque não era difícil - eu lembro-me de, ao brincar com o walkie-talkie dos meus tios, no principio dos anos 80, pensar "isto poderia ter uns botões para escolhermos com quem falar"; de certeza que montes de outras pessoas devem ter pensado nisso. Porque é que não foi passado para a ficção?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tenho uma teoria - mas, para começar, já repararam como o walkie-talkie (isto é, um comunicador móvel, mas sem se poder seleccionar destinatários) é muito mais usual na ficção cientifica do que o telefone? A única vez que me lembro de ver um telefone em acção num filme de FC foi em "&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066769/"&gt;A Ameaça de Andrómeda&lt;/a&gt;", na cena em que a chamada telefónica é cortada com a voz "esta chamada foi cortada por razões de segurança nacional" (mas "A Ameaça de Andrómeda" é passado no presente, pelo que não conta).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Portanto, a grande dúvida aqui não será&amp;nbsp; "porque é que ninguém se lembrou do telefones sem fios?", mas sim "porque é que nunca ninguém se lembrou de um walkie-talkie sincronizável para milhares de possíveis destinatários?" (uma questão para alguém que perceba do assunto - penso que, tecnologicamente, o "telemóvel" é mais uma adaptação do walkie-talkie do que do telefone; estou certo?).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora é que vem a minha teoria - os personagens dos filmes e histórias de FC, em 99% dos casos, são personagens envolvidos numa missão (mesmo que pessoal), integrados numa equipa de trabalho (mesmo que seja um bando de rebeldes ou marginais), etc. NÃO são pessoas vivendo a sua vida do dia-a-dia, saindo do trabalho às 17.30, indo buscar os filhos à escola, combinando com o conjugue o que jantar, e esperando que a oficina conserte a porta da nave. Assim, porque é que precisariam que o walkie-talkie pudesse ligar para uma carrada de números? Eles praticamente não têm vida pessoal (é provavelmente pela mesma razão que o telefone não é muito frequente nessas histórias); só precisam de um dispositivo para contactar com os membros da equipe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isso levanta um ponto mais profundo - é que, para todos os efeitos práticos, a FC é uma subvariante dos géneros acção e/ou aventura; mesmo quando são comédias, normalmente são pastiches ao género acção/aventura (&lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0180052/"&gt;exemplo&lt;/a&gt;). Os livros e filmes de FC, por regra, retratam personagens vivendo aventuras; não é obrigatório que assim seja: podíamos ter uma obra de FC retratando a vida quotidiana de pessoas "normais", mas no contexto de um ambiente de alta tecnologia; mas tal não é frequente - o único caso parecido que me lembro é o de &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186726/"&gt;Zenon, a Rapariga do Século XXI&lt;/a&gt;, que, tendo uma componente de aventura, tem também muito de clássica comédia de adolescentes, apenas com a diferença de se passar numa estação espacial (bem, talvez o boneco animado The Jetsons - que nunca vi, nem sei se passou em Portugal - fosse um bom exemplo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez seja por isso que a FC pecou por excesso em coisas como naves espaciais super-rápidas e colónias lunares e por defeito em coisas como os telemóveis: as histórias foram escritas e/ou filmadas a pensar na epopeia, não em invenções para facilitar o dia-a-dia das pessoas comuns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Um caso à parte é a FC distópica, como Admirável Mundo Novo ou &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066434/"&gt;THX 1138&lt;/a&gt;; aí a história gira, em grande parte, à volta da vida quotidiana nessas sociedades; mas como o tema muitas vezes é uma sociedade totalitária assente na tecnologia, é natural que não apareçam tecnologias que dão poder ao individuo, como o telemóvel ou o computador pessoal]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Claro que há outra explicação, mais simples e que talvez seja a correcta - a que o Luís Aguiar-Conraria dá: "&lt;a href="http://destrezadasduvidas.blogspot.com/2011/11/o-futuro-sem-telemoveis.html?showComment=1322564681162#c7440265911904450498"&gt;por definição a evolução do conhecimento humano é imprevisível. Daí decorre que o progresso técnico é também ele imprevisível&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-949613444672365566?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/949613444672365566/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=949613444672365566&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/949613444672365566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/949613444672365566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/os-telemoveis-e-ficcao-cientifica.html' title='Os telemóveis e a ficção cientifica'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6157290957104675214</id><published>2011-11-29T20:01:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-29T20:01:04.391Z</updated><title type='text'>Uma longa austeridade para a Irlanda</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203935604577066293980719470.html?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories"&gt;Ireland Enduring a Long Age of Austerity&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/"&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Ireland enters its second year in the ungentle embrace of its bailout  providers facing a further €3.8 billion ($5 billion) of budget cuts. It  is by general acclamation the star pupil among the growing group of  euro-zone members that have lost the confidence of bond investors, and  the closest thing the currency area has to a success story.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And yet it still faces massive challenges. Few Irish economists would  argue that it is certain or even very likely to continue to meet its  targets for cutting its budget deficit and repairing its banks. One  reason for this is that it is becoming more difficult for Ireland to  find buyers for its exports in the slowing economies of the euro zone  and the U.K.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6157290957104675214?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6157290957104675214/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6157290957104675214&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6157290957104675214'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6157290957104675214'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/uma-longa-austeridade-para-irlanda.html' title='Uma longa austeridade para a Irlanda'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-785929397283109685</id><published>2011-11-29T19:37:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-29T19:37:11.337Z</updated><title type='text'>Divida e juros da dívida</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-11-28/markets/30449352_1_debt-hits-gdp-debt-tops"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="archive-link"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The Most Basic Assumption About Sovereign Debt Turns Out To Be 100% Wrong&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://businessinsider.com/"&gt;Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;One of the most cherished ideas in the analysis of sovereign debt is  that debt-to-GDP is a useful measure of a country's credit stress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For example, &lt;a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/28/eurozone-germany-integration-idUSL5E7MS40L20111128"&gt;Germany hopes the Eurozone&lt;/a&gt;  can avoid another sovereign debt crisis like the one its currently in  if country's are forced to keep sovereign debt at around 60% of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conversely, &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/reinhart-and-rogoff-dangerous-debt-ceiling-2011-8"&gt;economists like Reinhart and Rogoff&lt;/a&gt; have argued that countries start to get into trouble when debt tops 90% debt-to-GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/does-the-us-government-have-too-much-debt-2011-9"&gt;Other economists have argued that when debt hits 80% of GDP&lt;/a&gt;, a country's growth tends to get suppressed.&lt;br /&gt;So you get the point, a lot of people think debt-to-GDP is a big deal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So  you'd think, then, that with investors more attuned to sovereign debt  issues than ever, that countries with a higher debt to GDP ratio would  pay more to borrow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well, that turns out to be wrong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using data from &lt;a class="hidden_link" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/bloomberg"&gt;Bloomberg&lt;/a&gt;,  we looked at basically all of the big emerging and developed markets*  with a big bond market, and good data on debt to GDP and decided to  check to see if there was any connection at all between debt to GDP and  the yield on their 10-year bonds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The answer, quite clearly, is &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In  fact, using an exponential regression, we detect a slight shift down  and to the right, meaning that the more debt a country has relative to  its GDP, the cheaper it is to borrow.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This chart even includes the  ultra-outlier Greece, which A) is highly unusual and B) is super-tiny,  and yet is given the same weighting as Japan in our system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-785929397283109685?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/785929397283109685/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=785929397283109685&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/785929397283109685'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/785929397283109685'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/divida-e-juros-da-divida.html' title='Divida e juros da dívida'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2633384150911270719</id><published>2011-11-29T18:19:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-11-29T18:21:52.508Z</updated><title type='text'>As raízes anarquistas do OWS</title><content type='html'>&lt;span id="DetailedTitle"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html"&gt;Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/david-graeber.html"&gt;David Graeber&lt;/a&gt;, no &lt;a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/"&gt;site da Al-Jazeera&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;How, then, did OWS embody anarchist principles? It might be helpful to go over this point by point:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1)&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;The refusal to recognise the legitimacy of existing political institutions. &lt;/b&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;The refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal order. &lt;/b&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;3)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;The refusal to create an internal hierarchy, but instead to create a form of consensus-based direct democracy. &lt;/b&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;4)&amp;nbsp;The embrace of prefigurative politics.&lt;/b&gt; (...)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2633384150911270719?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2633384150911270719/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2633384150911270719&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2633384150911270719'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2633384150911270719'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/as-raizes-anarquistas-do-ows.html' title='As raízes anarquistas do OWS'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6763566157048440324</id><published>2011-11-29T12:38:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-29T12:38:00.056Z</updated><title type='text'>John Rawls, mais radical do que se diz?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bigthink.com/ideas/40809?page=all"&gt;Occupy Wall Street and the deradicalized Rawl&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://bigthink.com/"&gt;Will Wilkinson&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Later on in the course of his argument, Rawls evaluates the relative  merits of different economic systems and acknowledges that markets  institutions have a number of advantages over the alternatives: they  deliver the goods people want; they efficiently allocate labor; they  decentralize economic power. Nevertheless Rawls concludes that “justice  as fairness," which is what he calls his favored theory of justice,  "includes no natural right of private property in the means of  production.” And he is skeptical that his theory can accommodate even a  conventional right to private property in the means of production. When  it comes to determining what manner of political economy best realizes  the ideal of justice as fairness, Rawls “leaves open the question  whether its principles are best realized by some form of property-owning  democracy or by a liberal socialist regime,” neither of which remotely  resembles the actual American system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we focus primarily on Rawls' difference principle, as opposed to  what he does and does not include in his list of basic rights, it's easy  to come to the conclusion that Rawlsian justice demands relatively &lt;i&gt;laissez-faire&lt;/i&gt;  capitalism together with a very generous welfare state. Free markets  make a country rich and robust social insurance ensures that even the  worst-off enjoy the benefits of all that wealth. As it turns out, the  worst-off &lt;i&gt;are&lt;/i&gt; best off in countries, such as Denmark, that have  settled on precisely this formula, which Rawls called "welfare-state  capitalism." But Rawls rejected welfare-state capitalism, because he  rejected capitalism generally. Before we even get to distributional  questions, we've got to ensure that the full worth of Rawls' privileged  political and civil liberties are equally guaranteed to all, and he  thought no form of capitalism, which by its nature allows for large  inequalities in ownership of the means of production, could do that.  (Here's &lt;a href="http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2010/07/property-owning-democracy.html"&gt;a good post by Daniel Little&lt;/a&gt; on what Rawls meant by "property-owning democracy," the type of regime he favored.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2010/07/property-owning-democracy.html"&gt;A property-owning democracy&lt;/a&gt;, por&lt;a href="http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/"&gt; Daniel Little&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;In &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Justice-Fairness-Restatement-John-Rawls/dp/0674005112?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Justice as Fairness: A Restatement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0674005112" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;" width="1" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2001)&amp;nbsp;Rawls offered a more explicit discussion of this concept than was offered in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Theory-Justice-Original-John-Rawls/dp/0674017722?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;A Theory of Justice: Original Edition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0674017722" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;" width="1" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1971). &amp;nbsp;Here are several important descriptions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Let us distinguish five kinds of regime viewed as social  systems, complete with their political, economic, and social  institutions: (a) laissez-faire capitalism; (b) welfare-state  capitalism; (c) state socialism with a command economy; (d)  property-owning democracy; and finally, (e) liberal (democratic)  socialism. (...)&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rawls argues that the first three alternatives mentioned here (a-c)  fail the test of justice, in that each violates conditions of the two  principles of justice in one way or the other. &amp;nbsp;So only a  property-owning democracy and liberal socialism are consistent with the  two principles of justice (138). &amp;nbsp;Another way of putting this conclusion  is that either regime can be just if it functions as designed, and the  choice between them is dictated by pragmatic considerations rather than  considerations of fundamental justice.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is how Rawls describes the fundamental goal of a property-owning democracy:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;In property-owning democracy, ... the aim is to realize in  the basic institutions the idea of society as a fair system of  cooperation between citizens regarded as free and equal. &amp;nbsp;To do this,  those institutions must, from the outset, put in the hands of citizens  generally, and not only of a few, sufficient productive means for them  to be fully cooperating members of society on a footing of equality  (140).&lt;/blockquote&gt;Rawls isn't very explicit about the institutions that constitute a property-owning democracy, but here is a general description:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Both a property-owning democracy and a liberal socialist  regime set up a constitutional framework for democratic politics,  guarantee the basic liberties with the fair value of the political  liberties and fair equality of opportunity, and regulate economic and  social inequalities by a principle of mutuality, if not by the  difference principle. &amp;nbsp;(138)&lt;/blockquote&gt;This last point is important: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;For example, background institutions must work to keep  property and wealth evenly enough shared over time to preserve the fair  value of the political liberties and fair equality of opportunities over  generations. They do this by laws regulating bequest and inheritance of  property, and other devices such as taxes, to prevent excessive  concentrations of private power. (51)&lt;/blockquote&gt;And concentration of  wealth is one of the deficiencies of a near-cousin of the  property-owning democracy, welfare-state capitalism:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;One major difference is this: the background institutions of  property-owning democracy work to disperse the ownership of wealth and  capital, and thus to prevent a small part of society from controlling  the economy, and indirectly, political life as well. &amp;nbsp;By contrast,  welfare-state capitalism permits a small class to have a near monopoly  of the means of production. (139) [also&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Collected-Papers-John-Rawls/dp/0674005694?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;tag=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;link_code=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969" target="_blank"&gt;Collected Papers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=danlithompag-20&amp;amp;l=btl&amp;amp;camp=213689&amp;amp;creative=392969&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;a=0674005694" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important;" width="1" /&gt;, p. 419]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6763566157048440324?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6763566157048440324/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6763566157048440324&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6763566157048440324'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6763566157048440324'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/john-rawls-mais-radical-do-que-se-diz.html' title='John Rawls, mais radical do que se diz?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6450120404159567204</id><published>2011-11-29T04:23:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-29T04:23:00.890Z</updated><title type='text'>Estilos de escrita</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2011/09/three-writing-styles.html"&gt;Three Writing Styles&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/"&gt;Robin Hanson&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20848-the-secret-life-of-pronouns.html"&gt;The secret life of pronouns&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=James+W.+Pennebaker"&gt;James W. Pennebaker&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/"&gt;New Scientist&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;[T]hree very different writing styles: formal, analytic and narrative. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Formal writing often appears stiff, sometimes humourless, with a touch of arrogance. It includes high rates of articles and prepositions but very few I-words, and infrequent discrepancy words, such as “would”, and adverbs. Formality is related to a number of important personality traits. Those who score highest in formal thinking tend to be more concerned with status and power and are less self-reflective. They drink and smoke less and are more mentally healthy, but also tend to be less honest. As people age, their writing styles tend to become more formal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analytical writing, meanwhile, is all about making distinctions. These people attain higher grades, tend to be more honest, and are more open to new experiences. They also read more and have more complex views of themselves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Narrative writers are natural storytellers. The function words that generally reveal storytelling involve people, past-tense verbs and inclusive words such as “with” and “together”. People who score high for narrative writing tend to have better social skills, more friends and rate themselves as more outgoing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6450120404159567204?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6450120404159567204/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6450120404159567204&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6450120404159567204'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6450120404159567204'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/estilos-de-escrita.html' title='Estilos de escrita'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-104737411305118197</id><published>2011-11-28T19:25:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T19:25:25.136Z</updated><title type='text'>Ruptura da Zona Euro - os detalhes legais</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2011/11/21/754711/the-legal-aspects-and-abstractions-of-a-euro-redenomination/"&gt;The legal aspects and abstractions of a euro redenomination&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/author/jcotterill/"&gt;Joseph Cotterill&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/"&gt;Financial Times&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Um ponto - há uns dias o meu banco mandou-me uns prospectos sobre umas aplicações "submetidas à lei inglesa"; achei estranho, mas após ler o link acima acho que percebi o porquê da coisa]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-104737411305118197?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/104737411305118197/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=104737411305118197&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/104737411305118197'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/104737411305118197'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/ruptura-da-zona-euro-os-detalhes-legais.html' title='Ruptura da Zona Euro - os detalhes legais'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6275433384353553277</id><published>2011-11-28T18:59:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T18:59:21.981Z</updated><title type='text'>Exército dos EUA com poderes para deter qualquer pessoa em qualquer sitio?</title><content type='html'>É o que se &lt;a href="http://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security/senators-demand-military-lock-american-citizens-battlefield-they-define-being"&gt;discute no Senado dos EUA&lt;/a&gt; (via ACLU e &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/secret-bill-to-be-voted-on-today-would-allow-the-military-to-sweep-up-us-citizens-at-home-or-abroad-2011-11"&gt;Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The Senate is going to vote on whether Congress will give  this president—and every future president — &lt;a href="https://secure.aclu.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&amp;amp;page=UserAction&amp;amp;id=3865&amp;amp;s_subsrc=fixNDAA"&gt;the  power&lt;/a&gt;  to order the military to pick up and imprison without charge or trial   civilians anywhere in the world. Even Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas) raised his  concerns about the NDAA detention provisions  during last night’s  Republican debate. The power is so broad that even U.S. citizens  could  be swept up by the military and the military could be used far from any   battlefield, even within the United States itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://secure.aclu.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&amp;amp;page=UserAction&amp;amp;id=3865&amp;amp;s_subsrc=fixNDAA"&gt;The  worldwide indefinite detention without charge or trial provision&lt;/a&gt; is in S.  1867, the National Defense Authorization Act bill, which will be on the Senate  floor on Monday. &lt;a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/senate-panel-pushes-ahead-with-defense-bill-over-white-house-objections-on-terror-suspect-plan/2011/11/15/gIQAEUoYPN_story.html"&gt;The  bill was drafted in secret&lt;/a&gt;  by Sens. Carl Levin (D-Mich.) and John McCain (R-Ariz.) and passed in a   closed-door committee meeting, without even a single hearing. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In support of this harmful bill, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.)  explained  that the bill will “basically say in law for the first time that the   homeland is part of the battlefield” and people can be imprisoned  without  charge or trial “American citizen or not.” Another supporter,   Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.) also declared that the bill is needed because   “America is part of the battlefield.” &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6275433384353553277?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6275433384353553277/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6275433384353553277&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6275433384353553277'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6275433384353553277'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/exercito-dos-eua-com-poderes-para-deter.html' title='Exército dos EUA com poderes para deter qualquer pessoa em qualquer sitio?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-3031680391137436136</id><published>2011-11-28T15:59:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T15:59:07.317Z</updated><title type='text'>O Caso DSK, - perguntas por responder</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://media.nybooks.com/strauss.html"&gt;What Really Happened to Strauss-Kahn?&lt;/a&gt;, em &lt;a href="http://media.nybooks.com/"&gt;The New York Reviw of Books&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Ver também o meu post de Julho, &lt;a href="http://viasfacto.blogspot.com/2011/07/o-caso-strauss-kahn.html"&gt;O Caso Strauss-Kahn&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-3031680391137436136?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/3031680391137436136/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=3031680391137436136&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3031680391137436136'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/3031680391137436136'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/o-caso-dsk-perguntas-por-responder.html' title='O Caso DSK, - perguntas por responder'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-958513423394542243</id><published>2011-11-28T13:31:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T13:31:00.104Z</updated><title type='text'>As "entrevistas rápidas" para empregos</title><content type='html'>Haverá alguma prova cientifica que relacione a firmeza do aperto de mão com a produtividade no trabalho (&lt;a href="http://www.dn.pt/bolsa/emprego/interior.aspx?content_id=1601305"&gt;como parece ser a filosofia das chamadas "entrevistas rápidas"&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Até é possível que haja, mas muitas vezes parece-me que grande parte desses "critérios de selecção" têm mais a ver com um preconceito social favorável à extroversão do que com outra coisa qualquer.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-958513423394542243?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/958513423394542243/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=958513423394542243&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/958513423394542243'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/958513423394542243'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/as-entrevistas-rapidas-para-empregos.html' title='As &quot;entrevistas rápidas&quot; para empregos'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7194293512704428780</id><published>2011-11-28T02:30:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T02:30:00.986Z</updated><title type='text'>Economia e politica externa</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2005/04/why_most_econom.html"&gt;Why Most Economists Are Hawks and Why They Might Be Wrong&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://econlog.econlib.org/"&gt;Brian Caplan&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;I've never seen a survey, but casual empiricism makes me think that economists are hawks.  Arnold Kling calls himself a &lt;a href="http://www.techcentralstation.com/101703A.html"&gt; Jacksonian&lt;/a&gt;  - "the patriotic fighters for whom the worst sin is not going to war,  it's losing one."  But even liberal Democratic economists strike me as  pretty eager to settle international disputes by bombing enemies back  into the Stone Age.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The use of force is easy to rationalize in terms of basic economics.  "&lt;strong&gt;We should make them PAY for what they've done!&lt;/strong&gt;"   It's just the law of demand: raise the price of crossing us, and fewer  people will cross us.  Make the price another Hiroshima, and perhaps  the quantity demanded will fall to zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is something to this line of argument, but it is too simple by  far.  Consider the following example.  Suppose you go up to everyone you  work with and tell them: "If you even &lt;em&gt;think &lt;/em&gt;about getting in my way, you will be in a world of pain!"  (...)  You're raising the price of  getting in your way, right?  So the predicted effect of this threat  should be to make people treat you better.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That's a &lt;em&gt;crazy &lt;/em&gt;prediction.  Making dire threats might scare  some enemies off, but its primary effect would be to create new enemies.   People who didn't care for you before will now be out to getcha.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So why doesn't the law of demand work in this situation?  Threats and bullying don't just &lt;em&gt;move along&lt;/em&gt; the "demand for crossing you" curve.  If your targets perceive your behavior as inappropriate, mean, or downright evil, it &lt;em&gt;shifts&lt;/em&gt;  their "demand for crossing you" out.  Call it psychology, or just  common sense: People who previously bore you no ill will now start  looking for a chance to give you a taste of your own medicine.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7194293512704428780?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7194293512704428780/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7194293512704428780&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7194293512704428780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7194293512704428780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/07/httpeconlog.html' title='Economia e politica externa'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2788157040265657054</id><published>2011-11-26T04:02:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-26T04:02:57.860Z</updated><title type='text'>Ainda sobre empresários e "empreendedores" - o paradoxo do Tio Patinhas</title><content type='html'>A personagem da BD "Tio Patinhas" é um bom case studie para a questão de se os assalariados também podem ser considerados "empreendedores".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qual é o "paradoxo do Tio Patinhas"? É que, no seu universo, o personagem é a caracterização da ideia heróica do empresário-empreendedor - é ele que vem com as ideias para produtos e negócios; qualquer problema numa das suas empresas algures no mundo, mete-se no avião para o ir solucionar, etc. (é verdade que em contraste com essa micro-gestão, por vezes também arranja problemas com empresas que nem sabe que são dele...).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entanto, a produção (no mundo real) do produto "Histórias do Tio Patinhas" é largamente o oposto disso; para começar, ao contrário do "Mickey", o "Tio Patinhas" nem é uma criação do "empresário-empreendedor" Walt Disney, mas de um dos seus empregados, Carl Barks; além disso, grande parte das histórias (e da trama narrativa geral do "Universo do Tio Patinhas") são da responsabilidade... da filial italiana da Disney (as histórias que as pessoas da minha idade leram na infância foram provavelmente quase todas feitas em Itália - &lt;a href="http://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=I+TL++784-B"&gt;exemplo&lt;/a&gt;); ou seja, as histórias não só não saíram da cabeça do patrão da empresa, como foram feitas por empregados trabalhando a milhares de quilómetros da sede.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2788157040265657054?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2788157040265657054/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2788157040265657054&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2788157040265657054'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2788157040265657054'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/ainda-sobre-empresarios-e.html' title='Ainda sobre empresários e &quot;empreendedores&quot; - o paradoxo do Tio Patinhas'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6099197636944599185</id><published>2011-11-26T04:02:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-26T04:02:44.407Z</updated><title type='text'>Sobre pequenos empresários, "empreendedores", etc. -  II</title><content type='html'>Ainda acerca &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/sobre-pequenos-empresarios.html"&gt;disto&lt;/a&gt;, volto a levantar a questão que já levantei &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2007/05/trabalho-por-conta-prpria.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; - se não vamos medir o "empreendedorismo" pela número de empresas/empresários, vamos medi-lo pelo quê? E, se não houver maneira de medir o "empreendedorismo", que valor têm comentários como "temos que ter mais espírito empreendedor"? Afinal, como é que se pode dizer que o que falta a um país é uma coisa que não pode ser medida?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se se procurar medidas alternativas de "empreendedorismo", acabamos quase sempre por inventar substitutos que já são eles próprios medidas de dinamismo económico (taxa de crescimento do progresso técnico, numero de novas empresas que chegam ao patamar de "X" vendas por ano, etc.) tornando a afirmação "o empreendedorismo é a chave para o crescimento económico" pouco mais que uma tautologia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E, já agora, repito o que escrevi há 4 anos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq" style="color: blue;"&gt;Já agora, se nem todos os trabalhadores por conta própria são  "empreendedores", isso não deveria significar que os trabalhadores por  conta de outrém também podem ser considerados "empreendedores"? -  afinal, nas grandes empresas o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e/ou  "estratégias empresariais" é, fundamentalmente, da responsabilidade de  assalariados. No entanto, quando no discurso politico se diz "temos que  adoptar medidas favoráveis aos empreendedores", isso é sempre usado no  sentido de advogar medidas favoráveis aos empresários&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6099197636944599185?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6099197636944599185/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6099197636944599185&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6099197636944599185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6099197636944599185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/sobre-pequenos-empresarios_26.html' title='Sobre pequenos empresários, &quot;empreendedores&quot;, etc. -  II'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-7387068986927687888</id><published>2011-11-26T02:12:00.010Z</published><updated>2011-11-26T04:02:12.214Z</updated><title type='text'>Sobre pequenos empresários, "empreendedores", etc.</title><content type='html'>Um artigo que pode ter algum interesse &lt;a href="http://esquerda-republicana.blogspot.com/2011/11/empreendedorismo-em-portugal-as.html"&gt;para esta discussão&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.nber.org/conf_papers/f3311/f3311.pdf"&gt;Non-pecuniary Bene ts of Small Business Ownership [pdf]&lt;/a&gt;, por dois economistas da Universidade de Chicago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entanto, este artigo mistura conclusões interessantes com outras que me parecem banais, ou mesmo incorrectas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A conclusão principal do estudo é que muita gente opta por abrir a sua própria empresa ou trabalhar por conta própria, não com a expectativa de ganhar mais dinheiro do que trabalhando por conta de outrem, mas motivado por considerações não-monetárias como "ser o meu próprio patrão", "trabalhar a partir de casa", "ter um horário flexível" ou "fazer do meu passatempo uma carreira".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora, vamos à minha crítica ao paper (questão - porque é que eu estou a criticar um paper desconhecido feito por pessoas que nunca irão saber da minha crítica? Porque é sobre uma questão - a relação entre "empreendedor" e "empresário" - que surge frequentemente, logo partes da minha crítica podem vir a ser reutilizadas para outras discussões).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;To our knowledge, no one has ever put forth a model of small business formation where households care about the non-pecuniary benefi ts of owning a business.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Até é possível que ninguém tenha elaborado um modelo matemático formal, mas a ideia de que algumas pessoas podem derivar um beneficio intrínseco de "ser o seu próprio patrão", não é nenhum novidade - p.ex., já em 1937, Ronald Coase, em "&lt;a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x/"&gt;The Nature of the Firm&lt;/a&gt;", falava disso; também a 12ª edição "do Samuelson" refere essa hipótese (p. 536). E, se sairmos dos economistas para os historiadores, o que mais encontramos é teses sobre os movimentos socialistas/sindicalistas europeus ou sobre o&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28United_States%29"&gt; populismo agrário norte-americano&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; dizendo algo como "as estatísticas demonstram, nessa época, um aumentos dos rendimentos do [grupo em questão]; provavelmente a força do [movimento em questão] teve mais a ver com um sentimento de perca de independência face às grandes empresas".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;In the absence of non-pecuniary business owners,  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: purple;"&gt;firms would operate at their natural efficient scales&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;. In our model, this varies directly with the type of good produced. Introducing non-pecuniary benefit ts truncates the distribution of  firms in the sense that small and medium scale business cannot compete against the non-pecuniary entrepreneur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: purple;"&gt;Though less efficient&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;, the entrepreneur is willing to work at a lower wage by taking some of total compensation in the form of direct utility&amp;nbsp; flow. This ef fectively lowers his marginal costs below his competitors.&lt;/span&gt;" (bolds meus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isto talvez seja uma picuinhice, mas mesmo com "benefícios não-monetários" as firmas irão funcionar à escala mais eficiente; se o tal&amp;nbsp; micro-empresário, que se sente mais feliz com o trabalho que os assalariados das grandes empresas, e por isso está disposto a trabalhar por menos, consegue (mesmo que produza menos por hora) vender mais barato, quer dizer que é &lt;b&gt;mais&lt;/b&gt; eficiente. Na verdade, suspeito que se a passagem acima tivesse sido escrita num trabalho por estudantes de economia, teriam sido reprovados (por não perceberem o carácter multifacetado do conceito "de custo")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;In our model where the only reason for small business formation is because of the non-pecuniary bene fits, subsidies to promote small businesses are strictly welfare reducing even if they are funded by lump sum taxes. The reason for this is that the subsidies alter the nature of production toward goods or services that are produced by less efficient small businesses and away from goods and services that are produced by larger  firms. The subsidies to small businesses result in too many small and less efficient fi rms.&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A mim parece-me que esse efeito dos subsídios às pequenas empresas (ou às grandes, já agora) aconteceria com ou sem "benefícios não-monetários" - excluindo os casos de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality"&gt;externalidade&lt;/a&gt;s, qualquer subsidio a um sector especifico da economia, ao tornar "viáveis" actividades que, à partida, seriam inviáveis, diminui a eficiência da economia. Para falar a verdade, até suspeito que, se existirem fortes "beneficios não-monetários", o efeito dos subsídios é menos grave: se os factores não-monetários pesarem muito nas decisões das pessoas, menos a existência de um subsídio afecta essas decisões; logo menor o efeito "distorcedor" do subsídio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A linha seguinte talvez explique o raciocínio dos autores: "Any benefit of the subsidy in stimulating certain types of small business which may have true entrepreneurial properties will have to be weighed against the cost of stimulating small business activity for those who are only interested in the non-pecuniary benefits." Pelo que eu percebo, eles são da opinião que os pequenos empresários que são "empreendedores" terão realmente externalidades positivas, mas o que são motivados pelos "benefícios não-monetários" não - mas é isso que vou discutir agora.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O ponto 3.4 do paper (a partir da página 14) chega finalmente à questão relevante - a relação entre "empresário" e "empreendedor". Aí os autores argumentem que usar o número de pequenas empresas como medida de "empreendedorismo" não será o mais correcto, já que grande parte das pequenas empresas são criadas por razões não-monetárias, não inovam, e não têm intenções de crescer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A mim, parece-me que o único ponto relevante é o "não inovam" (que, realmente, parece ser um conceito muito ligado ao de "empreendedor"); os outros dois pontos parecem-me irrelevantes: porque é que uma empresa ser criada com motivos não-monetários não há de ser "empreendedora"? Por outras palavras, porque é que uma empresa dessas há de ser menos susceptível de "inovar" do que uma criada com o único objectivo de ganhar dinheiro (para falar a verdade, um dos motivos não-monetários referidos - "transformar o passatempo num carreira" - até me parece bastante susceptível de favorecer a entrada em ramos de negócio não-usuais)? Ou seja, a tal oposição entre "empresas empreendedoras" e "empresas criadas por razões não-monetárias" não me parece fazer grande sentido.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quanto a usar o "crescimento" como medida de "empreendedorismo", também não vejo grande lógica - uma empresa pode crescer sem ser particularmente inovadora: pode-se limitar a abrir novos estabelecimentos repetindo o mesmo modelo; e uma empresa até pode ter um produto ou um modelo de negócio "inovador" mas ficar sempre limitada a um estabelecimento (basta uma actividade não ter economias de escala - ou até ter &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseconomy_of_scale"&gt;&lt;b&gt;des&lt;/b&gt;economias de escala&lt;/a&gt; - para não haver nenhuma razão para a empresa crescer, seja ou não "inovadora").&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-7387068986927687888?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/7387068986927687888/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=7387068986927687888&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7387068986927687888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/7387068986927687888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/sobre-pequenos-empresarios.html' title='Sobre pequenos empresários, &quot;empreendedores&quot;, etc.'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-9220790429077294759</id><published>2011-11-25T20:20:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-11-25T20:20:00.131Z</updated><title type='text'>Personalidade e e-mail</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/10/what-your-email-address-says-about-you_n_834093.html"&gt;Email Stereotypes: What Your Address Says About You&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/"&gt;Huffington Post&lt;/a&gt;) e &lt;a href="http://blog.hunch.com/?p=34824"&gt;You’ve got mail: What your email domain says about you&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://blog.hunch.com/"&gt;Hunch Blog&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;AOL&lt;/b&gt; users are most likely to be overweight  women ages 35-64 who have a high school diploma and are spiritual, but  not religious. They tend to be politically middle of the road, in a  relationship of 10+ years, and have children. AOL users live in the  suburbs and haven’t traveled outside their own country. Family is their  first priority. AOL users mostly read magazines, have a desktop  computer, listen to the radio, and watch TV on 1-3 DVRs in their home.  At home, they lounge around in sweats. AOL users are optimistic  extroverts who prefer sweet snacks and like working on a team.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gmail&lt;/b&gt; users are most likely to be thin  young men ages 18-34 who are college-educated and not religious. Like  other young Hunch users, they tend to be politically liberal, single  (and ready to mingle), and childless. Gmail users live in cities and  have traveled to five or more countries. They’re career-focused and  plugged in — they mostly read blogs, have an iPhone and laptop, and  listen to music via MP3s and computers (but they don’t have a DVR). At  home, they lounge around in a t-shirt and jeans. Gmail users prefer  salty snacks and are introverted and entrepreneurial. They are  optimistic or pessimistic, depending on the situation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hotmail&lt;/b&gt; users are most likely to be young  women of average build ages 18-34 (and younger) who have a high school  diploma and are not religious. They tend to be politically middle of the  road, single, and childless. Hotmail users live in the suburbs, perhaps  still with their parents, and have traveled to up to five countries.  They mostly read magazines and contemporary fiction, have a laptop, and  listen to music via MP3s and computers (but they don’t have a DVR). At  home, Hotmail users lounge around in a t-shirt and jeans. They’re  introverts who prefer sweet snacks and like working on a team. They  consider themselves more pessimistic, but sometimes it depends on the  situation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;Yahoo! &lt;/b&gt;users are most likely to be  overweight women ages 18-49 who have a high school diploma and are  spiritual, but not religious. They tend to be politically middle of the  road, in a relationship of 1-5 years, and have children. Yahoo! users  live in the suburbs or in rural areas and haven’t traveled outside their  own country. Family is their first priority. They mostly read  magazines, are almost equally likely to have a laptop or desktop  computer, listen to the radio and cds, and watch TV on 1-2 DVRs in their  home. At home, Yahoo! users lounge around in pajamas. They’re  extroverts who prefer sweet snacks and like working on a team. Yahoo!  users are optimistic or pessimistic, depending on the situation.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Pelos vistos, o estudo não elaborou um perfil dos utilizadores do SAPO (serão pouco frequentes entre o público dos sites em questão?)...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-9220790429077294759?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/9220790429077294759/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=9220790429077294759&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/9220790429077294759'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/9220790429077294759'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/personalidade-e-e-mail.html' title='Personalidade e e-mail'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-2298394399193338885</id><published>2011-11-25T19:54:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-25T19:54:45.379Z</updated><title type='text'>Duelos</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://oporcocapitalista.blogspot.com/2011/11/em-defesa-do-duelo.html"&gt;Em Defesa Do Duelo&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://oporcocapitalista.blogspot.com/"&gt;Pedro Bandeira&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-2298394399193338885?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/2298394399193338885/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=2298394399193338885&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2298394399193338885'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/2298394399193338885'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/duelos.html' title='Duelos'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5638445843514977262</id><published>2011-11-25T13:22:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-25T13:22:00.424Z</updated><title type='text'>Desigualdade e crises</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/6075"&gt;Inequality, leverage and crises&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/6074"&gt;Michael Kumhof&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/2458"&gt;Romain Ranciére&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://www.voxeu.org/"&gt;VoxEU&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;Of the many origins of the global crisis, one that has received comparatively little attention is income inequality. This column provides a theoretical framework for understanding the connection between inequality, leverage and financial crises. It shows how rising inequality in a climate of rising consumption can lead poorer households to increase their leverage, thereby making a crisis more likely. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5638445843514977262?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5638445843514977262/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5638445843514977262&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5638445843514977262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5638445843514977262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/desigualdade-e-crises.html' title='Desigualdade e crises'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-1136698385085417358</id><published>2011-11-25T03:34:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-25T03:34:22.083Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Propriedade Intelectual?'/><title type='text'>Convulsões do copyright</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/31/i-cant-think-of-a-better-illus"&gt;"I can't think of a better illustration of the copyright system's absurdity"&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://reason.com/people/jesse-walker"&gt;Jesse Walker&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://reason.com/blog"&gt;Reason Hit&amp;amp;Run&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"how a folk song collector wound up as the legal co-author of a Jay-Z diss track"&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-1136698385085417358?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/1136698385085417358/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=1136698385085417358&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1136698385085417358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/1136698385085417358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/convulsoes-do-copyright.html' title='Convulsões do copyright'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-552050935098825364</id><published>2011-11-25T00:31:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-25T00:31:37.657Z</updated><title type='text'>A "mafia mexicana"</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/10/the-mexican-mafia.html"&gt;The Mexican Mafia&lt;/a&gt;, por &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/"&gt;Alex Tabarrok&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;The Mexican Mafia is a fairly small prison gang (perhaps 150-300 made  members) and it has significant operational control only within&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://boufosnews.wordpress.com/2011/04/15/the-history-of-gangs-in-mexico/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;prisons  in Southern California yet the Mexican Mafia is extremely powerful. In  fact, the MM taxes hundreds of often larger Southern California street  gangs at rates of&amp;nbsp;10-30% of revenues. How can a prison gang tax street  gangs? (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The key to the MM’s power is that most drug dealers will sooner or  later, usually sooner, end up in prison. Thus, the MM can credibly  threaten drug dealers outside of prison with punishment once they are  inside prison. Moreover, prison is the only place where members of many  different gangs congregate. Thus, by maintaining control of the prison  bottleneck, the MM can tax hundreds of gangs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the most interesting aspects of Skarbek’s analysis is that he shows–consistent with Mancur Olson’s &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2006/02/tyler_cowen_on_.html"&gt;stationary bandit&lt;/a&gt;  theory–that as the MM grew in power it started to provide public goods,  i.e. it became a kind of government. Thus, the MM protects taxpayers  both in prison and on the street, it produces property rights by  enforcing gang claims to territory and it adjudicates disputes, all to  the extent that such actions increase tax revenue of course. The MM is  so powerful that it often doesn’t even have to use its own enforcers;  instead, the MM can issue what amounts to a letter of marque and  reprisal, a signal that a non-taxpaying gang is no longer under its  protection, and &lt;a href="http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_11_04_06_tabarrok.pdf"&gt;privateers&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will do the rest. (...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Mexican Mafia has much to teach us about crime and governance.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-552050935098825364?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/552050935098825364/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=552050935098825364&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/552050935098825364'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/552050935098825364'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/mafia-mexicana.html' title='A &quot;mafia mexicana&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-4105368780238459904</id><published>2011-11-24T20:12:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-24T20:12:41.620Z</updated><title type='text'>Uma data histórica</title><content type='html'>A &lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2007/12/quizz-das-greves-gerais-resposta.html"&gt;primeira greve geral a uma 5º feira&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-4105368780238459904?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/4105368780238459904/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=4105368780238459904&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4105368780238459904'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/4105368780238459904'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/uma-data-historica.html' title='Uma data histórica'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8603105000272644419</id><published>2011-11-23T00:51:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-23T00:51:28.670Z</updated><title type='text'>Polivalência ou ubiquidade?</title><content type='html'>Desde a &lt;a href="http://news.belta.by/en/news/society?id=98351"&gt;Federação Mundial da Juventude Democrática&lt;/a&gt; à &lt;a href="http://www.arsalgarve.min-saude.pt/site/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=44&amp;amp;Itemid=57&amp;amp;lang=pt"&gt;Administração Regional de Saúde do Algarve&lt;/a&gt;, passando &lt;a href="http://www.publico.pt/Pol%C3%ADtica/seguro-defende-manutencao-do-iva-na-restauracao-alimentacao-para-bebes-e-cultura--1521656"&gt;pelo jornal Público&lt;/a&gt; (apesar de dificuldades várias, como &lt;a href="http://www.tsf.pt/paginainicial/interior.aspx?content_id=771892"&gt;ser assassinado&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8603105000272644419?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8603105000272644419/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8603105000272644419&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8603105000272644419'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8603105000272644419'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/polivalencia-ou-ubiquidade.html' title='Polivalência ou ubiquidade?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-8646747543935496722</id><published>2011-11-22T02:17:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-22T02:23:00.503Z</updated><title type='text'>Ironia histórica?</title><content type='html'>Já alguém reparou que o trono espanhol é ocupado pela família real basca (pelo menos se aceitarmos a tese - penso que defendida pelos separatistas e regionalistas bascos, &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaiur"&gt;inclusive no nome da coligação "Amaiur"&lt;/a&gt; - que o Reino de Navarra seria historicamente a expressão politica da nação basca)?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-8646747543935496722?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/8646747543935496722/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=8646747543935496722&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8646747543935496722'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/8646747543935496722'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/ironia-historica.html' title='Ironia histórica?'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-6627869265905821593</id><published>2011-11-20T16:00:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-20T16:00:36.159Z</updated><title type='text'>Algo a lembrar acerca da "crise da dívida soberana"</title><content type='html'>"&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-run-on-europe-begins-as-global-investors-head-for-the-hills-2011-11"&gt;When bond yields rise, the market value of existing bonds drops, so any bank that owns the debt of any European country is suffering huge embedded losses. The banks don't mark these losses to market, so you can't see them on the balance sheet, but they're there.&lt;/a&gt;" (&lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/author/henry-blodget"&gt;Henry Blodget&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/"&gt;Business Insider&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-6627869265905821593?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/6627869265905821593/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=6627869265905821593&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6627869265905821593'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/6627869265905821593'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/algo-lembrar-acerca-da-crise-da-divida.html' title='Algo a lembrar acerca da &quot;crise da dívida soberana&quot;'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19602273.post-5547531037916629761</id><published>2011-11-19T16:55:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-11-19T16:58:21.996Z</updated><title type='text'>Resultados das eleições tunisinas (II)</title><content type='html'>Os resultados em número de votos (&lt;a href="http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/10/resultados-das-eleicoes-tunisinas.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt; para os resultados em número de deputados):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="1"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Partido&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;votos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;%&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ennahda&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;1.500.649&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;34,8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;CPR (Congresso pela Republica)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;341.549&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;7,9%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ettakatol&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;248.686&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;5,8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Aridha Chaabia (Petição Popular)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;252.025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;5,8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;PDP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;111.067&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;2,6%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;PDM&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;49.186&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;1,1%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Al Moubadara &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;97.489&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;2,3%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Afek Tounes&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;29.336&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;0,7%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;PCOT &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;11.891&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;0,3%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Outros / Brancos / Nulos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;1.667.009&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;38,7%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.308.887&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;100,0%&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Via Tunisia Live - &lt;a href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/11/14/tunisian-election-final-results-tables/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Final Results of Tunisian Elections Announced"&gt;Final Results of Tunisian Elections Announced&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/tunisias-election-results-in-infographic/"&gt;Tunisia’s Election Results Infographic&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já agora, estou a interpretar mal &lt;a href="http://www.tunisia-live.net/tunisias-election-results-in-infographic/"&gt;este quadro&lt;/a&gt;, ou a quantidade de brancos e nulos foi colossal?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/19602273-5547531037916629761?l=ventosueste.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/feeds/5547531037916629761/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=19602273&amp;postID=5547531037916629761&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5547531037916629761'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/19602273/posts/default/5547531037916629761'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/2011/11/resultados-das-eleicoes-tunisinas-ii.html' title='Resultados das eleições tunisinas (II)'/><author><name>Miguel Madeira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07382939732567489809</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
