Saturday, March 24, 2012

O resultado imprevisto do Acordo Ortográfico

Os defensores do AO apresentaram-no como uma forma de uniformizar a escrita da língua portuguesa; alguns dos seus críticos dizem que é uma tirania estatista, com o Estado a querer mudar a maneira como as pessoas escrevem.

Mas, atendendo à carrada de comentadores que terminam as suas crónicas dizendo "Fulano escreve de acordo com a antiga ortografia", e aos correctores ortográficos que agora vêm em duas versões (pré- e pós-AO), parece-me que o resultado prático acabou por ser que, agora, o "Português de Portugal" tem duas normas ortográficas socialmente válidas (note-se que não digo legalmente válidas), e cada um pode escolher qual quer seguir sem se considerar que está a escrever "mal" - no fundo, entramos numa situação parecida com a da Galiza, em que há duas normas concorrentes sobre qual a forma "correcta" de escrever galego.

Ou seja, contrariamente aos objectivos do acordo, não se uniformizou nada (muito pelo contrário); por outro, inversamente ao que diziam alguns críticos, não há nenhuma estatização da língua: muito pelo contrário - neste momento, na prática, há muito mais liberdade para escrever de forma diferente da ortografia "estatal".

[Post publicado no Vias de Facto; podem comentar lá]

Friday, March 23, 2012

As indignações anti-indignação de Helena Matos

Um "tema de post" típico de Helena Matos é o "Anda tudo indignado com [determinado assunto]; no entanto...", seguindo-se uma descrição das razões pelo qual esses indignados estão errados, ou são contraditórios, ou hipócritas, ou coisa assim (exemplo A; exemplo B).

Por norma, essas "enormes indignações" ou "bolhas de indignação" que contesta são sobre assuntos que ninguém está a ligar senão ela...

"Os crimes que Nixon cometeu contra mim seriam legais"

Daniel Ellsberg: All the crimes Richard Nixon committed against me are now legal:

In the 1960s, Ellsberg was a high-level Pentagon official, a former Marine commander who believed the American government was always on the right side. But while working for the administration of Lyndon Johnson, Ellsberg had access to a top-secret document that revealed senior American leaders, including several presidents, knew that the Vietnam War was an unwinnable, tragic quagmire.


Officially titled "United States-Viet Nam Relations, 1945-1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense,"–the Pentagon Papers, as they became known–also showed that the government had lied to Congress and the public about the progress of the war. In 1969, he photocopied the 7,000-page study and gave it to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In, 1971, Ellsberg leaked all 7,000 pages to The Washington Post, and 18 other newspapers, including The New York Times, which published them.

Not long after, he surrendered to authorities and confessed to being the leaker. Ellsberg was charged as a spy. His trial, on twelve felony counts posing a possible sentence of 115 years, was dismissed on grounds of governmental misconduct against him. In April 1973, the court learned that Nixon had ordered his so-called "Plumbers Unit" to break into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist to steal documents they hoped might make the whistle-blower appear crazy. In May, more evidence of government illegal wiretapping was revealed. The charges against Ellsberg were dropped. This led to the convictions of several White House aides and figured in the impeachment proceedings against President Nixon. (...)

Also, the PBS series POV is streaming “The Most Dangerous Man inAmerica: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers,” on June 13 and 14.


In this interview, Ellsberg says, "Richard Nixon, if he were alive today, would feel vindicated that all the crimes he committed against me–which forced his resignation facing impeachment–are now legal. " (Thanks to the Patriot Act and other laws passed in recent years.) And he says all presidents since Nixon have violated the constitution, most recently President Obama, with the bombing of Libya.

Thursday, March 22, 2012

Scitovsky and the Income-Happiness Paradox, por Mauricio Pugno e Cakes, capitalism & happiness, por Chris Dillow.

A tese dos autores - a razão porque, aparentemente, muitas vezes aumentos de rendimentos não vêm associadas a aumentos da felicidade auto-avaliada será porque a felicidade derivará mais de fazer coisas (cozinhar, tocar guitarra, escrever um blogue, etc.) do que de comprar coisas (um carro novo, uma casa nova, etc.).

Wednesday, March 21, 2012

Escola e criatividade

Creativity: Asset or burden in the Classroom? [pdf], por Erik Westby e V.L. Dawson - um estudo sobre a atitude dos professores face à criatividade e ao perfil comportamental dos seus alunos. A conclusão é que os professores dizem gostar de alunos criativos, mas ao mesmo tempo não gostam do "perfil comportamental" que normalmente é associado com a criatividade.

Teachers Don’t Like Creative Students, por Alex Tabarrok:

What the paper shows is that the characteristics that teachers use to describe their favorite student correlate negatively with the characteristics associated with creativity. In addition, although teachers say that they like creative students, teachers also say creative students are “sincere, responsible, good-natured and reliable.” In other words, the teachers don’t know what creative students are actually like.  (FYI, the research design would have been stronger if the researchers had actually tested the students for creativity.)
Uma ideia que me ocorre é se não estará a haver aqui uma confusão entre "criatividade" (ter ideias novas e originais) e "flexibilidade" (ter abertura perante as ideias novas e originais dos outros), e, quando os professores descrevem a sua ideia de um "aluno criativo", na verdade estão a descrever um "aluno flexível".

Marx estava certo?

Marx was right, por Chris Dillow:

- Some work by Jeremy Greenwood vindicates Marx’s claim that “the mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life.”
- The labour theory of value, much maligned as it is, does a rather good job of explaining relative prices
- Daniel Kahneman’s work on cognitive biases can be read as corroboration of Marx’s theory that capitalism generates an ideology which prevents people seeing its injustices.

- A lot of work in public choice is quite consistent with the Marxian view that “the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.”
Of course, Marx got some forecasts wrong*. Capitalism has not (yet!) collapsed - though it might yet - but in forecasting this he was largely elaborating upon the stationary state discussed by Smith and Ricardo.

But the fact is that, viewed from a narrowly empirical basis, Marxism scores rather well - and (arguably) quite possibly better than a lot of mainstream or neoliberal economics. Which raises the suspicion that the appeal of the latter over Marxism might rest on considerations other than empirical fact.

* We can leave central planning aside, as Marx probably wrote about as much on central planning as Adam Smith did on the invisible hand - which is to say, very little.

"blogspot.pt" - II

Afinal é fácil resolver o problema - se eu meter o link http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/ncr em vez de http://ventosueste.blogspot.com/, não é redirecionado para http://ventosueste.blogspot.pt/, não ficando preso no filtro anti-pornografia.

Mais informações: BlogSpot Published Blogs Being Accessed Using Country Code TLDs, em The Real Blogger Status; parece que a ideia é os blogues terem endereços diferentes conforme o país do leitor, de forma ao Blogger poder bloquear um blogue na Arábia Saudita ou na China sem o bloquear em Portugal.

Quando é que começa a vida de um zangão?

Para os que dizem que a vida começa com a concepção, e acrescentam que "não há qualquer dúvida científica sobre o que é o início da vida, seja ela vegetal ou animal. No pinheiro é o pinhão e na espécie humana é o zigoto", digam-me lá quando é que é o inicio da vida de um zangão.

Tuesday, March 20, 2012

"blogspot.pt"

Por qualquer razão, os endereços do Blogger passaram de "blogspot.com" a "blogspot.pt"; desde então que o filtro da internet no meu local de trabalho (para já, vamos assumir que eu costumo consultar os blogues na hora de almoço...) passou a considerá-los "pornografia" .

Será que o "gspot" activa automaticamente os filtros para a pornografia, e que estaria predefinida uma excepção para "blogspot.com" (que, com a mudança para ".pt", deixou de funcionar)?

Eu também

Vo Nguyen Giap will turn 101 this year.

Don't know why, but I just always assumed he'd been dead for decades.

Atenção que eu não vou fazer 101 anos; estamos era também convencido que Giap (o general vietnamita que derrotou americanos e  franceses) já teria morrido.

JOSEPH KONY, AMERICA'S PRETEXT TO INVADE AFRICA: US Marines Dispatched to Five African Countries

In a recent decision, the Pentagon confirms the sending in of Marine Special Forces to train Ugandan troops in the fight not only against Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) but also against Al Shabab in Somalia. Joseph Kony is being used as a pretext for outright military intervention in five African countries.

E ainda não pararam

De vez em quando gosto de relembrar esta história (e outras) contadas por Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn:

"Wilson was a genuine ideologue in the narrow sense of the term; his plan, unfortunately, was not to make democracy safe for the world, but rather to make the world safe for democracy. He was working towards a Djihad, a holy war to extend what he considered the American form of government. This was already evident in his dealings with Mexico before America's entry into World War I.

About America'sneighbor south of the Rio Grande he said, "Our friendship is a disinterested friendship, so far as our aggrandizement goes ... leaving them to work out their own destiny, but watching them narrowly and insisting that they shall take help when help is needed. "23

What sort of help he thought about we can gather from a conversation between Walter Hines Page, his ambassador, and Sir Edward Grey, Britain's Foreign Secretary. Page recorded it himself:

GREY: Suppose you have to intervene, what then?
PAGE: Make'em vote and live by their decisions.
GREY: But suppose they will not so live?
PAGE: We'll go in again and make 'em vote again.
GREY: And keep this up for 200 years?
PAGE: Yes. The United States will be here for 200 years and it
can continue to shoot men for that little space till they learn
to vote and rule themselves. 24"

Democracia, Ditadura e Progresso Tecnológico

Democracy, Dictatorship and Technological Change [pdf], por Carl Knutsen (Universidade de Oslo):

Abstract



This paper investigates how regime type afects technological change, arguably the most important determinant of long term economic growth. The paper's main hy- pothesis is that democracies have higher technology-induced economic growth than dictatorships. This hypothesis is deduced from a formal model where dictators are assumed to value both personal consumption and staying in office. In the model, dictators can restrict civil liberties and diffusion of information, which reduces economic growth, but increases dictators' probability of surviving in office. The model also implies that dictators enforce harsher restrictions on civil liberties if the global rate of technological change is low, if the capital shares of their economies are high, if their ability to discern politically dangerous from economically relevant information is poor, and if their positions in office are insecure. The hypothesis that democracies have higher technology-induced growth is tested on an extensive dataset, including data from more than 100 countries with some time series going back to the 19th century.

The hypothesis finds robust empirical support: Democracies produce higher Total Factor Productivity growth than dictatorships. The paper also discusses the hypothesis that dictatorships with high bureaucratic quality can mitigate democracies' advantage in generating technological change. This hypothesis finds only partial support.

Monday, March 19, 2012

Inglês extraditado para os EUA por... linkar

US wins extradition of British student over UK-based website (Russia Today, via LewRockwell.com):

A 23-year-old student from the UK will be extradited to the United States to face trial for operating a website overseas that linked visitors to external pages that hosted copyrighted material.


Richard O'Dwyer of Sheffield Hallam University in northern England will soon find himself on American soil following the United States’ recent victory in an attempt to extradite the student stateside over a website he ran. American authorities attest that O’Dwyer’s TVShack website, while not in violation of any UK laws where he lived and operated it, infringed on American copyright legislation.  (...)
O’Dwyer’s case is similar to that of Megaupload.com founder Kim Dotcom, who is facing a possible extradition from New Zealand to the US over his own site, one which provided file-sharing services for users and made money off of selling ads and subscriptions. Unlike Dotcom, however, O’Dwyer did not host any illegal material or allow users to commit crimes by uploading such. Instead, rather, O’Dwyer managed a website that just contained links to other site, something his attorney says is on par with the services Google offers.


"If Richard appears to have committed a crime in this country – then try him in this country,” he mother, Julia, tells BBC today. She adds that she believes that her son was “sold down the river” by the government and cautions others to be weary of UK officials siding with pressure from the US.

Tide - o novo grande negócio da economia clandestina?

Tide Detergent Being Stolen From Stores Across the Country (Yahoo News):

Tide laundry detergent is meant to be used for household cleaning purposes, but thieves are turning it into something dirty. Authorities are reporting a spike in thefts of Tide, and in some cities they are setting up task forces where the detergent is sold to track the number of bottles in stores. Police believe thieves are using the soap on the black market, which retails for $10-$20, to buy drugs. On the black market, Tide is often referred to as "liquid gold" and can go for $5-$10 per bottle.

Last year, in St. Paul, Minnesota, a man is alleged to have stolen $25,000 worth of Tide over 15 months before authorities captured him. Stores such as CVS have amped up security measures to prevent theft; at some locations the detergent is kept in a locked container and an employee must retrieve it for customers.

So why is Tide the only detergent being targeted? Authorities list several reasons: Tide is instantly recognizable because of its Day-Glo orange bottle; it is one of the most expensive brands of laundry detergent; and it does not have serial numbers, so it cannot be tracked.
Ou é apenas um rumor posto a circular na internet para ver quem é que acredita na história (ver os comentários a este post sobre o assunto)?

Vouchers para combarer a fome?

In Famine, Vouchers Can Be Tickets to Survival (New York Times):

The town of Dhobley, Somalia, sits at the gateway of hell. Just west of Dhobley is the border with Kenya, and the road to Dadaab, which hosts a giant complex of refugee camps; Dhobley has become the last stop in Somalia for a growing stream of desperate, starving people in flight from famine. In Dhobley, as well, drought has ruined crops and felled cows. There is no government to help. The town is a battleground; control of Dhobley has teetered between the Shabaab Islamist militant group and government forces. Shabaab has blocked food aid from entering Dhobley and burned a food truck, but soldiers from all sides have stolen food meant for the destitute. The usual street life of an African village — children playing, women laughing together — has vanished. Gunshots are a constant background noise — “like birds singing,” said Tracy Stover, the emergency coordinator in Dadaab for the humanitarian group World Concern.


It is too dangerous for aid workers to come to Dhobley. Food aid is not getting through. Yet some in Dhobley are eating.

World Concern, a Seattle-based Christian humanitarian group, and its Somali partner, the African Rescue Committee, provide 1,800 families every two weeks with rice, beans, cooking oil, salt and sugar for their tea. The recipients are both residents and families from elsewhere in Somalia who have fled to Dhobley. Another 800 families a week, mostly the displaced who have come to Dhobley, get goods such as mosquito nets, pots, spoons, jerry cans for water, sleeping mats and plastic sheeting.

Sunday, March 18, 2012

O que são os "Custos de Interesse Económico Geral"?

Quando recebemos a factura da electricidade, há lá uma coisa chama "Custos de Interesse Económico Geral". Em que é que consistem esses custos?

A Entidade Reguladora do Sector Eléctrico explica [pdf]:

[clicar para ver melhor]

O que interessa para aqui é o gráfico da direita, em tons de castanho.

No documento, a ERSE explica que os "sobrecustos com a produção em regime ordinário" se referem aos "[s]obrecusto[s] dos contratos de aquisição de energia, custos para a manutenção do equilíbrio contratual e garantia de potência."

[Post publicado no Vias de Facto; podem comentar lá]

Thursday, March 15, 2012

Sistemas monetários-financeiros alternativos

A propósito da discussão entre o ladrão de bicicletas João Rodrigues e o insurgente Luciano Amaral sobre o sistema financeiro actual e as suas possíveis alternativas (socialização? "disciplina do mercado", quiçá com regresso ao padrão-ouro?), deixo aqui as opiniões de 3 pensadores do século XIX (pelo menos dois deles - provavelmente os menos conhecidos - escreverem em épocas e contextos em que as "corridas aos bancos" - e respectivas falências - eram frequentes) sobre o assunto:

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Solution of the Social Problem [pdf, traduzido para inglês por Henry Cohen, em 1927]; como o nome indica, fala sobre muita coisa, mas grande parte do texto tem a ver com a organização do sistema de crédito

Lysander Spooner - A New System of Paper Currency

Benjamin Tucker - Free Money First, Free Banking, Necessity for a Standard of Value e The Redemption of Paper Money: alguns ensaios do autor sobre a moeda e o crédito

[Post publicado no Vias de Facto; podem comentar lá]

Obama, o defensor dos Direitos Humanos

President Obama Wants A Yemeni Journalist To Be Stuck In Prison For Embarrassing The US Government, na Business Insider

Obama’s personal role in a journalist’s imprisonment, por Glenn Greenwald, na Salon

Why Is President Obama Keeping a Journalist in Prison in Yemen?, em The Nation

Wednesday, March 14, 2012

A electricidade e as energias renováveis

Em primeiro lugar, confesso que ainda não percebi se, no meio desta floresta de subsídios, taxas, apoios, "custos de interesse económico geral", etc., a electricidade fica mais cara ou mais barata para o consumidor final.

Mas vamos à questão principal - faz sentido haver apoios às energias renováveis; ou (numa expressão que eu prefiro), às energias não-poluentes? À primeira vista parece que sim: afinal, parece haver benefícios para a sociedade no seu todo na produção de energias por meios não poluentes, logo parece ter lógica haver subsídios a esses tipo de energia.

Mas a verdade é que não existe nenhum benefício social no uso de energias não-poluentes; o que há é um prejuízo social no uso de energias poluentes. É verdade que um aumento do consumo e produção de energias não-poluentes reduz os prejuízos da poluição; no entanto, se o individuo, em vez de usar energia não-poluente, não usasse energia nenhuma também existia essa ausência/redução de custos sociais. Dando um exemplo: num dado período de tempo, o Manuel consome 100 kilowatts-hora (KWh) de energias não poluentes e 400 KWh de energias poluentes; a Luciana consome 300 KWh de energias poluentes: ou seja, o Manuel polui mais que a Luciana, mas a energia que ele consome é, no total, mais subsidiado do que a da Luciana.

Ou seja, o que deve haver não é subsídios ou apoios às energias não-poluentes, mas sim impostos adicionais sobre as energias poluentes; depois, se as pessoas e empresas reagem a esses impostos adicionais mudando para as energias não-poluentes ou simplesmente reduzindo o seu consumo de energia, é um assunto para "o mercado" decidir (sim, eu às vezes tenho uns momentos de quase-liberalismo; de qualquer maneira, este post está sendo escrito no contexto da economia mista actualmente existente - se estivéssemos a falar, p.ex., de uma economia planificada por conselhos operários, as políticas a adoptar já seriam totalmente diferentes).

Um possível contra-argumento - o consumo de energia electricidade provavelmente não cresce de forma proporcional ao rendimento: duvido que alguém que ganhe 5.000 euros por mês consuma 10 vezes mais electricidade que alguém que ganha 500; se assim for, é de esperar que as despesas com a electricidade representem uma maior proporção das despesas dos consumidores de menores rendimentos, de forma que o tal imposto adicional sobre as energias poluentes acabaria por ser regressivo, já que (directa ou indirectamente) iria afectar mais as famílias mais desfavorecidas. Mas penso que a solução para isso seria usar a receita adicional desse imposto para baixar outros impostos que incidem sobre os mais pobres (como o IVA e os escalões inferiores do IRS), ou então para financiar um "dividendo do cidadão" (um dos meus pet issues...).

[Post publicado no Vias de Facto; podem comentar lá]