Inequality & innovation, por Chris Dillow:
Why did the industrial revolution occur so late in human history? It’s not simply because we had to wait for the science. The steam engine, for example, was invented in the first century AD. But it was another 18 centuries before it became widely applied. Why the wait?
[T]his new paper suggests, though doesn’t explicitly articulate, another possibility - that inequality held back the economy.
Roughly speaking, there are two sorts of technical progress. One is the introduction of new products. This is helped by inequality - because this implies that there’s a pool of wealthy customers for the new goods.
But there’s another sort - process innovation, the introduction of new techniques that allow goods to be produced more cheaply for a mass market. And this form of innovation is retarded by inequality. After all, if the majority of people are on the breadline, or working in subsistence farming, producers have little incentive to finds ways of making new goods cheaper, because people still won’t be able to afford them.
In this sense, process innovation - which is what the industrial revolution was - requires there to be a middle-income market, which in turn requires at least a little equality.Now, I’ll grant that it’s tricky to test this hypothesis against the evidence.(...)
As I say, it’s just a suggestion than inequality retarded the industrial revolution. (Of course, there‘s no reason why the explanation be mono-causal). But if there’s any truth in this, then it implies that the cost of inequality, historically speaking, has been colossal. Delaying the transition from zero growth to 2% per capita growth by 100 years means denying people a seven-fold improvement in their real incomes.
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